**1. Introduction**

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common and potentially the most deleterious type of injuries in pediatric population [1]. The consequences of TBI in children and adolescents represent a serious medical and social problem.

TBI clinical course and outcomes in children have peculiarities as the damage impacts brain, which growth and maturations are continuing and not yet completed. The complexity of pediatric TBI is due to the heterogeneity of its pathophysiology

and depends on the age of impact, influencing different stages of brain development. TBI interferes with the normal course of neuroontogenesis, disturbing the development of cognitive functions, school education, behavior, and social skills formation. Cognitive and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents in the long-term period of TBI are significantly increased in the presence of paroxysmal disorders: post-traumatic headache, post-traumatic epilepsy, subclinical epileptiform activity on the EEG. Therapeutic and rehabilitation measures in the long-term period of TBI in children and adolescents should be intensively carried out both in the first 12 months after TBI, when the most significant results from their use are expected, and in the long-term period, considering the ongoing processes of morpho-functional maturation and high neuroplasticity of the developing brain.

Despite the importance of the problem, there is no specific treatment for the long-term consequences of childhood TBI, and the available recommendations are mostly extrapolated from studies conducted on adult patients, and thus do not take into account the features of the child's neurodevelopment and brain plasticity [2, 3].
