**Chapter 4**

*Advancement and New Understanding in Brain Injury*

innate defense against the common cold virus limits viral replication at warm temperature in mouse airway cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2015 Jan 20;112(3):827-832. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/

[83] Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Immuneepidemiological parameters of the novel coronavirus – a perspective [Internet]. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 2020. p. 1-6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17446

[84] Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. The Physical Burden of Immunoperception. In: Rezaei N, Saghazadeh A, editors. Biophysics and Neurophysiology of the Sixth Sense [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 137-54. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-10620-1\_10

pnas.1411030112

66x.2020.1750954

[76] Rosenthal DM, Ucci M, Heys M, Hayward A, Lakhanpaul M. Impacts of COVID-19 on vulnerable children in temporary accommodation in the UK. Lancet Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Mar 31; Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30080-3

[77] Arpaia N, Barton GM. Toll-like receptors: key players in antiviral immunity. Curr Opin Virol [Internet]. 2011 Dec;1(6):447-454. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

[78] Bonjardim CA. Interferons (IFNs) are key cytokines in both innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses and viruses counteract IFN action. Microbes Infect [Internet]. 2005 Mar 1;7(3):569-578. Available from: http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/

coviro.2011.10.006

pii/S1286457905000328

[79] Totura AL, Baric RS. SARS coronavirus pathogenesis: host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon. Curr Opin Virol [Internet]. 2012 Jun;2(3):264- 275. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.004

[80] Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [Internet]. Vol. 395, The Lancet. 2020. p. 497-506. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5

[81] Mäkinen TM, Juvonen R, Jokelainen J, Harju TH, Peitso A, Bloigu A, et al. Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections. Respir Med [Internet]. 2009 Mar;103(3):456-462. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

rmed.2008.09.011

[82] Foxman EF, Storer JA, Fitzgerald ME, Wasik BR, Hou L, Zhao H, et al. Temperature-dependent

**60**
