*3.3.1 Koyo cabai or capsicum transdermal patch/capsicum hot medicated plaster*

*Koyo cabai* or *Capsicum* Hot Medicated Plaster is one of medicated plasters in Indonesia. It is usually used for the treatment to relieve muscle pain or reduce the pain of toothache. *Koyo cabai*, at first imported from a Deutsch company, had been used in Indonesia since 1970. However, in 1983, a local company started to produce *koyo cabai* [68]. The plaster was made from high concentration *cabai* extract mixed with rubber as sticking agent and other ingredients. The sticky mixture then applied and pressed to the plaster fabric layer. The layer was cut and packed. *Koyo cabai* as a famous *Capsicum* Medicated Plaster in Indonesia can be seen in **Figure 14**. One Capsaicin Medicated Plaster may contain 0.37 mg/cm2 of *Capsicum* extract [69].

### *3.3.2 Cabai cream and cabai balm*

Similar to *koyo cabai*, *cabai* cream or *krim cabai* and *cabai* balm or *balsam cabai* in Indonesia are mainly utilized to relieve muscle pain and headache. It is a common thing that people in Indonesia keep muscle pain-relieving cream or balm as a first aid medicine in their homes or travel kits. *Cabai* cream may contain 1.66% *cabai* oleoresin; meanwhile, *cabai* balm may contain 0.56% *cabai* oleoresin.

#### **3.4 Plant ornaments**

Ideally, ornamental *cabai* has bonsai-like quality that is short in height (dwarf) and produces quite a number of fruits with various colors [70]. *Capsicum* species, especially *C. chinense* and *C. pubescens*, are attractive to be used as ornamental plants. *C. chinense* has various fruit shapes that look like a combination of tomato and starfruit and different bright colors during maturation, while *C. pubescens* has purplish fruits and is combined with erect flowers [71].

From the ornamental plants *C. annuum* L., the variety is called "Ayesha IPB" [70]. The plant relatively early blossoms in 13–16 days after planting and can be harvested in 65–70 days after planting. The average plant height is 25 cm with 46–53 cm of canopy width, and the leaves of canopy are nicely clustered. The fruits have round tips, and they would turn from yellow green (immature stage) to orange (intermediate) and orange red (mature stage). The other variety is called

**Figure 15.** *Some Capsicum ornamental plants in Indonesia (A)* Cabai Ayesha *(B)* Cabai Syakira *(C)* Cabai Lembayung *[73].*

"Lembayung IPB" with a short height, purplish stem and stalk, and attractive fruit colors. The immature fruit color is purple and they would turn into dark orange [72]. The fruit tastes relatively hot. Other ornamental cultivars from *C. annuum* are "Namira," "Syakira," "Jelita," and "Ungara." Some types of *cabai* as ornamental plants [73] can be seen in **Figure 15**. Colorful *Capsicum* as ornamental plant is famous to be called as *cabai pelangi* or *rainbow cabai* in Indonesia.
