**9. Biotechnological interventions**

Genetically modified (GM) or transgenic crops have modified genomes achieved through several genetic engineering techniques. Conventional plant breeding is time-consuming and enables the transfer of genetic information from closely related species, genetic engineering facilitates gene transfer across barriers from any source. With the help of established protocol for introducing gene into host species plus a rigorous selection method is needed for greater success. *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*-mediated genetic transformation is among the most reliable approaches being used for achieving stable transgenic lines. Other techniques, like particle bombardment (biolistics), sonication, and electroporation, are used for transient expression of the foreign DNA. As of now 525 transgenics in 32 crops have been commercialized, of which *Zea mays* holds the highest rank. Transgenic crop cultivation enhances agricultural productivity to about 22% leading to a 68% increase in profits [57].
