**Author details**

a role in the final stages of the glacial cooling process [34]; but we have surmised, the opposite that dust on the surface of snow and ice has decreased the albedo, capturing more radiant heat from the Sun. If true, a process in which a decreasing albedo effect from widespread dust in very cold, dry conditions (similar to the Antarctic now) initiates warming that is accentuated by increasing water vapor can be proposed. The rapid upward change of temperature in the interglacial would be directly consistent with the exponential increase in water vapor with temperature. In that case, the release of CO2 could properly be seen as an effect of Henry's Law

Consequently, the climate sensitivity for CO2 may be overestimated. It would be of interest to know the scale of wind velocities in the glacials, since the inertial force of wind motion is opposed to gravity in the case of dust suspension and its carriage to high albedo surfaces. When dust particles are dry and disaggregated, current dust storms carrying particles above are most prominent. Furthermore, we have proposed [33, 36] that the atmosphere can store an order of magnitude more thermal energy because of the additional degree of freedom of motion in vertical motion. That is the motion involved in circulating air in anticyclones-cyclones. In a tropical cyclone, condensing water vapor is considered as providing energy to drive the cyclonic motion, using heat derived from the surface of the ocean. This follows from our finding [12] that configurationally entropy (the inverse of free energy) is a logarithmic function of the physical action, a scalar property related to angular momentum but including the dimensionless angular motion [10]. If confirmed this could mean that weather extremes such as very hot days with greater fire risk could be caused by collisions between anticyclones with extra thermal energy released as

In this paper we have analyzed Vostok ice core data using (i) time correlations, (ii) harmonic analysis, as well as (iii) amplitude and energy consideration, and proposed a (iv) general prediction approach using KFHB methodology. In particular we focused on Cycle 1 of CO2 data in frequency domain as a representative example. The general approach is to split Vostok data set into 4 smaller sets, as per climate periodicity indicated in the set. The outcome is a choice of set of high energy harmonics for all cycles and any of their combinations for designing CPE based on KFHB which is a linear combination of several individual KFHOs, for effective data prediction purposes. This can be incorporated into a practical machine learning methodology for training and testing, as well as data prediction using collected Vostok or other available climate data sets. We believe that our CPE based approach offers advantages in its simplicity and for short as well as long term prediction abilities via KFHB approach which can produce optimal results in the context of stochastic data set. Several issues remain to be solved, in particular (i) uneven cycle lengths as well as better approach to (ii) non uniformity of ice core data. We are addressing both in our ongoing work. Our analysis also seeks to find evidence regarding causes and results in climate science, an essential requirement for more certainty in weather and climate predictions. We consider that current GCMs have

[35], rather than cause.

*Glaciers and the Polar Environment*

**10. Conclusion**

**58**

heat as the laminar flow of air becomes turbulent.

considerable uncertainties in such predictions.

Migdat Hodzic<sup>1</sup> \* and Ivan Kennedy<sup>2</sup>

1 American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2 Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney NSW, Australia

\*Address all correspondence to: migdathodzic@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
