**10. Conclusion**

In this paper we have analyzed Vostok ice core data using (i) time correlations, (ii) harmonic analysis, as well as (iii) amplitude and energy consideration, and proposed a (iv) general prediction approach using KFHB methodology. In particular we focused on Cycle 1 of CO2 data in frequency domain as a representative example. The general approach is to split Vostok data set into 4 smaller sets, as per climate periodicity indicated in the set. The outcome is a choice of set of high energy harmonics for all cycles and any of their combinations for designing CPE based on KFHB which is a linear combination of several individual KFHOs, for effective data prediction purposes. This can be incorporated into a practical machine learning methodology for training and testing, as well as data prediction using collected Vostok or other available climate data sets. We believe that our CPE based approach offers advantages in its simplicity and for short as well as long term prediction abilities via KFHB approach which can produce optimal results in the context of stochastic data set. Several issues remain to be solved, in particular (i) uneven cycle lengths as well as better approach to (ii) non uniformity of ice core data. We are addressing both in our ongoing work. Our analysis also seeks to find evidence regarding causes and results in climate science, an essential requirement for more certainty in weather and climate predictions. We consider that current GCMs have considerable uncertainties in such predictions.

**Author details**

Migdat Hodzic<sup>1</sup>

**59**

Bosnia and Herzegovina

\* and Ivan Kennedy<sup>2</sup>

1 American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo,

\*Address all correspondence to: migdathodzic@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney NSW, Australia

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*Kalman Filter Harmonic Bank for Vostok Ice Core Data Analysis and Climate Predictions*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94263*

*Kalman Filter Harmonic Bank for Vostok Ice Core Data Analysis and Climate Predictions DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94263*
