**7.2 Fruit based agrihorticulture**

In the fruit based agrihorticulture system the highest carbon stock was found in pear + wheat (17.0 Mg ha�<sup>1</sup> ) followed by apricot + wheat, plum + wheat, hill lemon + wheat and wheat with 11.9, 10.0, 8.4 and 4.8 Mg ha�<sup>1</sup> respectively, (**Figure 2**). Similarly, biomass carbon dioxide was 62.3, 43.6, 36.5, 30.9 17.6 Mg ha�<sup>1</sup> in pear + wheat, apricot + wheat, plum + wheat, hill lemon + wheat and wheat, respectively [14]. Carbon sequestration in the range of 4.7 to 5.3 Megagarams carbon per hectare per year was found in different treatment.


#### **Table 6.**

*Effect of different cutting management on carbon stock, carbon sequestration and biomass carbon dioxide.*

*Climatic Variation and Its Impacts on Yield and Water Requirement of Crops in Indian Central… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94076*

**Figure 2.**

**7.1 Oak high-density plantation**

*Carbon storage of different agroforestry systems of Himalaya.*

**Table 5.**

*Agrometeorology*

Agrisilviculture 13.37 Agrihorticulture 12.28

**7.2 Fruit based agrihorticulture**

per year was found in different treatment.

**Treatment Carbon stock**

**(Mg ha**�**<sup>1</sup> )**

pear + wheat (17.0 Mg ha�<sup>1</sup>

1/3rd top portion undisturbed

*Source: [16].*

**Table 6.**

**20**

The experiments were conducted on high-density plantation of oak (*Quercus leucotrichophora*) for proper management of tree canopy with four lopping techniques. The lopping techniques included: pollarding at 1 and 2 meters (backwards cutting of the tree trunk so that the dense numbers of branches can be generated); Local practices (slightly above from where the branches split leaves and tender twigs removed in random manner); without disturbing the upper 1/3 part of the tree lower 2/3 part pruned for fodder leaves (lopping) (**Table 6**). It was found that at the age of 30 years oak tree can store 86.7 to 356.9 Mg ha�<sup>1</sup> carbon stock, 317.2 to 1306.5 Mg ha�<sup>1</sup> biomass carbon dioxide and carbon sequestration in the range of 2.9 to 11.9 per Mg per hectare per year were found in various cutting management [16].

**Agroforestry system C Storage (t/ha) Region Author** Silvopasture 31.71 Himachal Pradesh [32]

Agrisilviculture 15.91 Uttarakhand [33] Agrihorticulture 12.15 Himachal Pradesh [31] Agrisilviculture 12.02 Uttarkhand [34] Silviculture 4.4 Uttarakhand [35] Silviculture 3.31–3.95 North-East Himalaya [36]

In the fruit based agrihorticulture system the highest carbon stock was found in

+ wheat and wheat with 11.9, 10.0, 8.4 and 4.8 Mg ha�<sup>1</sup> respectively, (**Figure 2**). Similarly, biomass carbon dioxide was 62.3, 43.6, 36.5, 30.9 17.6 Mg ha�<sup>1</sup> in pear + wheat, apricot + wheat, plum + wheat, hill lemon + wheat and wheat, respectively [14]. Carbon sequestration in the range of 4.7 to 5.3 Megagarams carbon per hectare

Coppicing at 1 m 86.7 2.9 317.2 Local 169.6 5.7 620.6 Pollarding at 2 m 123.4 4.1 451.5

*Effect of different cutting management on carbon stock, carbon sequestration and biomass carbon dioxide.*

) followed by apricot + wheat, plum + wheat, hill lemon

**C sequestration (Mg ha**�**<sup>1</sup> yr.**�**<sup>1</sup>**

356.9 11.9 1306.5

**)**

**Biomass CO2 (Mg ha**�**<sup>1</sup> )**

*Aboveground carbon stocks, carbon sequestration and biomass CO2 in fruit tree based land use systems [8].*

#### **7.3 Agrihorticulture**

Pecan nut *(Carya illinoinensis*) based agrihorticulture system in which pecan nut + lentil, pecan nut + wheat, lentil and wheat were grown (**Table 7**). Carbon stock of 23.9 and 25.3 Mg ha<sup>1</sup> with lentil and wheat and biomass carbon dioxide 92.85 and 87.78 Mg ha<sup>1</sup> with wheat and lentil was recorded, respectively [11]. In peach (*Prunus persica*) biomass C stock was recorded 19.4 Mg/ha under agrihorti system.

Therefore, in the context of climate change and to meet the need of rapidly growing population agroforestry is very important. Agroforestry is very essential for pollution free atmosphere and for feed as well as fuel, timber and the unemployed youth in the village could get jobs through agroforestry.

#### **7.4 Silvipasture**

In Silvipastoral system among trees oak (*Quercus lecotrichophora*) stored significantly high carbon (24.85 t/ha) as compared to rest trees (**Figure 3**). Whereas, among cutting management pollarding at 3 m height stored highest carbon stock (14.87 t/ha) than other cutting strategies.

#### **7.5 Terrace and wayside plantation**

Carbon stock was measured in linear strip plantation of Kachnar (*Bauhinia retusa*). In Kachnar terrace plantation highest @ 3.17 0.88 t/1000 m length, carbon was stored in lopping of lower ½ (half) part and keeping top ½ parts undisturbed of the trees (**Figure 4**). However highest carbon stock of 2.60 0.32 t/


**Table 7.** *Carbon stock and biomass CO2 in pecan nut based agrihorticulture system.*

**Figure 3.** *Biomass carbon (C) stock in silvipastoral system on marginal land.*

**Figure 4.**

*Biomass C in terrace plantation of Kachnar cutting management in terrace plantation.*

1000 m length, was recorded in lopping of lower 2/3 part and keeping top 1/3 undisturbed of Kachnar in wayside plantation (**Figure 5**).

### **7.6 Silvihorticulture**

In silvihorticulture system, significantly high carbon stock (281.6 t/ha) was recorded in Kharik (*Celtis australis*) as shown in **Figure 6** followed by in oak (*Quercus leucotrichophora*), Kachnar (*Bauhinia retusa*) and least in Bhimal (*Grewia optiva*).

and to maintain productivity of resources and also maintain and improve the health of resources. The inclusion of tree i.e. forest or horticulture along with crop will tremendously help in reducing climate change and variation effects on production system. Trees convert poisonous gas CO2 into lifesaving oxygen (O2). This action purify the air as well as help in preventing elevated temperature because trees absorb atmospheric carbon in the process of photosynthesis. In agroforestry, we should choose trees with short life cycle and fast growing in nature. India has diversified climate, different agricultural conditions and abundant wasteland in villages need to be considered while implementing various methods of forestry. Hence, to take along sustainability proper considerate of climate is necessary in hill agriculture through crop sowing window adjustment and other processes as per

*Biomass C stock in wayside plantation with different cutting management in Kachnar in wayside plantation.*

*Climatic Variation and Its Impacts on Yield and Water Requirement of Crops in Indian Central…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94076*

climate appropriateness.

*Biomass C stock in different trees in silvihorticulture system.*

**Figure 5.**

**Figure 6.**

**23**
