**3. Air pollution and its control measures**

Aerosols are classified into solid [SPM, Dust (PM2.5 and PM10)], liquid (fumes, mist, vapors) and gaseous (smokes, gases) particles. Air pollutants are categorize the matter which is suspended in the air like road dusts, fumes of chemicals, mists, smoke from different emissions), gaseous pollutants (gases and vapors) and odors producing reagents.

### **4. Atmospheric pollution monitoring devices**

In this **Table 2** the major monitoring devices with their technology is listed for detail review.

*Agrometeorology*

Ozone level of various sites of Northern Hemisphere has been increased from 10 to 50

Pollutants which are suspended in the air are responsible for different diseases like respiratory and Cancer, corrosion of metals and damage of plant biochemistry. Most of these pollutants deposited on the surface of the plants and cause naissance and disturb sunlight interaction with chlorophyll, the scattering of light from these pollutants produce smog and many surface chemical reactions. Many air pollutants are in gaseous form, like oxides of sulfers (SO2 and SO3), carbon (CO2 and CO), and nitrogen (NO2 and NO3). Most of organic compounds are also present in the air like Hydrocarbons, Volatile organic compounds, poly aromatic hydrocarbons and different halogens and their derivatives. Chemical, Thermal and photochemical reactions of above mentioned pollutant caused secondary pollutants. A common example of thermal pollution is when the oxidation of SO2 occurs to SO3 by thermal reaction. If SO3 further catalyzed in the presence of Mn and Fe in water than it give rise to sulfuric acid mist. Nitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons when react. They produced ozone, per-oxy-acetyle nitrate (PAN). Some order causing agents are also produced which are known as hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide and

ppbv since 1860 [2]. Sulfate aerosols increase from 3 to 4 folds [3].

mercaptan while others are very difficult to define chemically.

Air pollution Occurrence of dangerous particles and chemical species into the

PM2.5 The inhalable particles present in the air of size 2.5 micrometer or

PM10 The inhalable particles present in the air of size 10 micrometer or

CO2 It is atmospheric gas essential for globe temperature balance but

NO It is known as oxides of nitrogen and known to general public as

SO2 Atmospheric gas which has pungent smell. It natural sources are

carbon atoms forming a circle.

NO2 Oxides of nitrogen which enter into the environment from burning of

VOC Compounds of carbon and hydrogen which convert into vapor or gases

volcanic eruption and anthropogenic are fossil fuel exhaust.

phase and contaminate the surroundings are known as volatile organic

Compounds with sigma bonds and delocalized pi electrons between

CO It is a colorless, odorless dangerous gas present in the environment. It is a silent killer and mostly produced in low oxygen.

e.g. PM2.5, NOX, SOX etc.

than air.

laughing gas.

fossil fuels.

compounds.

smaller are categorize as PM2.5.

smaller are categorize as PM2.5.

Chemistry of atmosphere totally depends upon the chemistry of pollutant present. The activities such as stream of traffic, industrial emissions, cleaning and washing of roads, painting, repairing are the causes of air pollutant generation. Because of their harmful effects, the air pollutants are now major concern of human talks [4]. Noise pollution is also the part of air pollution. Increase of traffic and other anthropogenic activities the noise pollution is increasing day by day. It is also causing swear health effects in humans (high blood pressure, sleeplessness, nausea, depressions are common). The study revealed that air pollution is responsible for

**Some important terms and their definitions related to air pollution. Term Definition Citation**

surrounding air beyond the permissible limit is known as air pollution

harmful at its high concentration. It is also colorless and 60% denser

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

**58**

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons


**61**

**Table 2.**

*Atmospheric Pollution Interventions in the Environment: Effects on Biotic and Abiotic Factors…*

**Sr. No Device Technology used with pollutant Citation**

with amplifier.

Monitoring,

sensors.

8 TEMPO It measures the spectra required to recover O3,

For humidity and temperature complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, particulate matter by Laser-based light scattering, volatile organic compounds by Metal oxide gas sensor, CO2 by Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR), CO by Amperometric gas sensor, light by Infrared-responding photodiode and sound by Electret microphone

Internet of thing (IOT) device which is the grouping of gas semiconductor devices and an

Cheap system for sensing of alcohol, benzene, CO2, and NH3. When it is connected it to Arduino then it is able to sense the gases, and provide readings in PPM (parts per million).

Infrared particulate matter sensor.

It is based on four modules which are 1.Module for monitoring Air Quality Index

2.Module for detection of Sound, 3.Module for Cloud-based Monitoring 4.The Anomaly Notification Module

Static Sensor Network (SSN), Community Sensor Network (CSN) and Vehicle Sensor Network (VSN) based on the carriers of the

OMI is an ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, used to measure UV irradiance, trace gases of tropospheric and strato-spheric chemistry.

It is based on three metal oxides (MO) chemoresistive sensors for O3, NO2 and TVOC, an optical (IR based) total (TSP) sensor, noise sensor and a dual semiconductor sensor for temperature and humidity (RH) measurement.

NO2, SO2, water vapors, ultraviolet radiation,

It is used for the monitoring of inorganic gases [53]

and foliage properties.

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94116*

1 Portable Monitoring Device for indoor air Pollution

2 Home Pollution Embedded System (HOPES)

3 IoT Based system of Solar

4 A raspberry Pi controlled

5 The Next Generation Air

(TNGAPMS)

6 The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)

7 Wireless distributed sensor networks

9 Amperometric

Power Environmental Air Pollution and Water Quality Monitoring System

cloud based air and sound pollution monitoring system with temperature and humidity sensing

Pollution Monitoring System

**5. Particulate pollution control devices**

*Air pollutants monitoring devices along with technologies.*

electrochemical gas sensors

The burning of diesel causes emissions. These emissions contain toxic gases and particulate matter (PM). Due to which there is a need to control these gases and particulate. For particulate control the diesel particulate filter is used to bind the PM which mostly is the combination of soot particles and organic fraction (soluble). The one bad thing with this system is the accumulation of soot particles in the filter lowers the activity of filtration [54]. To control the particulate matter from commercial cooking three technologies are used. The technologies named as Control technologies (CT) 1, 2 and 3. CT2 is the removal of grease technology

**Table 1.**

*Effect of the pollutants.*


*Atmospheric Pollution Interventions in the Environment: Effects on Biotic and Abiotic Factors… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94116*

**Table 2.**

*Agrometeorology*

**Dust** Reduce the

**CO2** C4 plants are less

**SO2** Leaf necrosis.

**NOx** It delays

**Ozone** Ozone causes foliar

[23]

pigments, enzymatic activity and respiration. Also block the pores in plant leaf [16–18].

beneficial than C3 plants under high CO2 environment

Dwarfing and necrosis. 0.05 to 0.5 ppm of SO2 damage the Spanish and cucumber while apple, barley and wheat are most sensitive to SO2 [28].

photosynthesis. Concentration of 100 ppm cause spotting to leaf and break down. Oxidative stress increased due to boost in deduced oxygen species [34]

injury, reduce the stomatal conductance, enhance the foliar injury and ultimately decrease the plant total biomass [38]

Cause fragmentation of nucleus and mitochondria and mitochondrion, chloroplasts and grana collapse [42].

**Pollutants Plants Humans Animals Microbes**

Enhance metals intake [19], damage the lining of nasal cavity and enhance secretions [20].

Increase sleeping, blood circulation, heart beat when exposed to high CO2 [24, 25]

Small exposures causes cough while long exposures causes asthma [29, 30]

Premature demises cause in humans [35], Long-term contact to NOx is projected to lay foundation of 2119 respiratory demises and 991 lung cancer demises [36].

Premature death is the major concern [39].

White matter of left hemisphere reduced and related with slower information. Rapidity during intelligence testing [43].

Damage the DNA of animals and increase protein oxidative damage in obese rats [21].

High concentration leads to Zn accumulation and tissue damage in fish [26].

Reduce the sperm motility in rats alter the seminiferous tubules in testis [31] and higher exposure induces cardiovascular problems [32]

High level of protein damage was observed in tree sparrow when exposed to higher level of NO [37].

Ozone exposure to mice evidence the enhance air passage way inflammatory cell infiltration and bronchial hyperresponsiveness as compared to control [40]

Consuming the contaminated see food with heavy metals, PAHs and TPHs which is potentially poisonous [44].

Decrease the diversity of bacteria at highly polluted dust [22].

Elevated CO2 effect metabolism, cell structure and diversity of microbes [27].

In the open air fumigation study minute quantity meaningfully reduced respiration in both pine and deciduous litter

[33].

Not Yet Studied, a strong research gap exists here.

Significantly reduced the mold or yeasts in yoghurts ozonated for 60s. *Escherichia coli* O157:H7 count reduced during vacuum cooling droplets of high ozone demand [41].

Microbes are used mostly to remediate the site contaminated with PAHs.

**60**

**Table 1.**

*Effect of the pollutants.*

**Aromatic Hydrocarbons** *Air pollutants monitoring devices along with technologies.*
