**4. Conclusion**

*Agrometeorology*

connected biosensor development.

diminish loss in agriculture [54].

**122**

**Table 2.**

**Biosensors Industries**

BIACORE Biacore AB located in Sweden

Model-Amp Biosens, BioITO biosens, SMAlgal Biosensor srl located in Formello, Italy MB-DBO, Polytox-Res, Biocounter Biosensores SL located in Moncofar, Spain Portable Toxicity Screen (PTS) 52 Biotechnology Ltd. located in Uxbridge, UK Cellsense Euroclon Ltd. located in Yorkshire, UK DropSens- Screen printed Electrodes DropSense located in Asturia, Spain

commercialization or industrialization, important aspects for the determination of its commercialization or industrialization are simpler sample pre-treatment, bioreceptor steadiness, multi-detecting/multi-sensing features, impoverishment/ miniaturization, quicker testing period, wireless accessibility and affordability [53]. Some the foremost properties of commercialized accessible well-known biosensors industries are their simple structure, reduced sizes and ideal potentials for "point of care" applications [38]. They target food composition, progression monitoring and management as well as food safety and security such as allergens, pathogens, toxins, pollutants/contaminants and additives have been reported that the industries for food quality biosensors purpose is primarily from the following metabolites; "glucose, sucrose, glycerol, cholesterol, creatinine, alcohol, methanol, lactate, lactose, glutamate, malate and ascorbic acid" [26, 38]. According to Bahadır and Sezgintürk [53], compared to earlier and present/modern considered biosensors in academic/ research laboratories, the modern biosensors which are mostly commercialized are far further fewer indicatory of the truncated achievement rates in agri-food-

The limitations encumbering biosensor development in agriculture/food sector are substantial impediments, such problems are; "mass production, sensor lifetime, component integration and handling practicability" [38]. The motives behind these restrictions are that the utmost machineries applied in present and forthcoming agriculture/food biosensing technology are in their infancy/early stages and they include; "nanotechnology, agriculture/food material science, biomimetic chemistry and microengineering". These basic factors could assist in the determination of forthcoming biosensors industries is its safety to human well-being, which implies that it is those with limited or no human well-being effect will have their commercialization in the forthcoming years [38]. The commercialization of intelligent agriculture/food industry specifies urgent needs in new and effective procedures to guarantee food quality and safety, to economize production procedure and to

Biosensors have been employed for the monitoring and management of remediation procedures via the determination of the parameters that influence the growth of microbes, such as nutrient accessibility, pH, metal ions, liquified oxygen and temperature [55]. Biosensors that are required for the detection of environmental contaminants on field or large scale are not difficult to handle and need little

Optiqua EventLab™, Optiqua MiniLab™ Optisense located in Netherlands REMEDIOS Remedios located in Aberdeen, Scotland SciTOX-ALPHA, SciTOX-UniTOX SciTOX Ltd. located in Oxford, USA

*Commercial biosensors industries for environmental monitoring and management.*

Model-B.LV5, Model-B.IV4 Innovative Sensor Technology located in Nevada, USA NECi's Nitrate Biosensor Nitrate Elimination Co. Inc. located in Michigan, USA

Climate smart agriculture purposes exceptional prospects for handling the issues of food security as well as easing the adaptation and mitigation succors for environmental and agricultural sustainability. Climate smart agriculture has been of great assistance in this regard to most developed nations. Implementing climate smart agriculture as a capable and swift climate change response is extremely vital for building capacity and achieving food security as well as sustainable agriculture and environment globally In developing nations especially those of Sub-Sahara Africa, viewing the susceptibility to the altering climatic/weather conditions, their substantial dependence on agriculture for livelihoods and the critical role agriculture play in their economic sector; they would predominantly benefit from climate smart agriculture. Considering these regions' susceptibility to the changing climatic condition, their heavy reliance on agriculture for livelihoods, and the critical position agricultural sector holds concerning food security in these nations climate smart agriculture would undoubtedly be of great assistance. Nevertheless, there is a necessity for variance methods in encouraging the acceptance and advancement of climate smart agriculture. The small-scale agricultural segment in most developing nations is categorized by a diverse inhabitant. Consequently, a solitary even method would not be suitable in advancing climate smart agriculture practices among these set of farmers. The consequence of this is that approaches to support climate smart agriculture implementation should factor in specific collective as a replacement for mainstreaming approaches globally. Consequently, all stakeholders should contemplate of employing modalities that can accommodate the diverse features of climate smart agriculture and circumvent the potential challenges that could otherwise ascend. Additionally, since climate smart agriculture development in developing countries depends on the willingness of those involved in agricultural activities, hence, there is a need for all stakeholders to understand the multi-dimensional climate change issues and the subsequent self-mobilization for evolving and executing strategies to respond to the issues at appropriate scales.

Conclusively, in spite of the numerous benefits of biosensors and biosensing machineries such as nanoparticles/nanomaterials, polymers and microbes builtbiosensors in solving some of the challenges in agricultural activities vis-à-vis environmental sustainability; there is still the need to significantly assimilate multi-faceted methods in developing biosensors that can potentially be used for diverse applications in climate smart organic/biological agriculture for environmental sustainability. Therefore, it is suggested that appropriate combination of biosensing as well as bio-fabrication with non-natural/synthetic biology methods by applying either/both electrochemical, optical, bio-electronic moralities would be crucial for efficacious development of comprehensive and influential biosensors for contemporary future contribution to knowledge in the field of biosensor machinery in climate smart organic/biological agriculture for environmental sustainability.

#### *Agrometeorology*
