**10. Vector surveillance and control**

There are no specific antiviral treatments and vaccines that are effective yet, so the only method available to prevent infection is the reduction of human-vector

contact [142]. We have done research about distribution of CHIKV vector transmission in Indonesia by taking locations that represent urban and rural areas, coastal and inland areas. The results of this study show on *Aedes aegypti* or *Aedes albopictus* or both were found in all sampling locations except in Warsadim, West Papua. Apart from Warsadim, there is only one site that does not have *Aedes aegypti*, namely Bugel in Yogyakarta Province, while 26 locations are free of *Aedes albopictus* [143]. Efforts to reduce CHIKV risk are carried out through an integrated vector management program component, including the following activities:

#### **10.1 Vector monitoring and identification of high-risk areas**

Retrospective analysis of dengue virus transmission in previous years can be carried out in the planning stage of chikungunya (CHIKV) to show areas where CHIKV is expected to circulate (given the similarities in the transmission cycle of this virus). Areas can be grouped in levels of risk of transmission, so they can be used to assign resources and priorities. For example, controlling or preventing transmission of CHIKV in the environment has resulted in many cases of dengue fever, thereby inhibiting viral amplification and spreading the virus to the immediate environment [144].

Programs should be able to systematically collect surveillance data for the vector density of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*. The surveillance methods for *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus* are quite varied and include a variety of methods to monitor egg production, larval location and density, pupa density, and adult mosquito density. This measure is used to asses the risk of outbreaks and to determine the appropriate vector control interventions [143]. Metodhs and tools, calculations and risk analysis with this measure have been widely discussed in the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever guideline.

#### **10.2 Self protection**

Each individual can reduce the likelihood of transmission by using personal mosquito repellents. Babies and pregnant women who sleep or rest during the day should use a mosquito net. The use of insecticide-treated bed nets has the added benefit of killing mosquitoes that come into contact with the nets, thereby reducing vector-human contact with other household members. There are many insecticide products that can be used to treat mosquito nets safely or to make them last longer [136, 141, 142].

#### **10.3 Prevention at the household and community level**

The use of screened ventilation, or insulated windows and doors will reduce the entry of vectors into the house. Reducing and replacing containers that hold water over a long period of time can reduce vector breeding grounds [100, 104]. The number of adult mosquitoes in the home can be reduced by using commercially available aerosol sprays with pyrethroids and other household products, such as mosquito coils and electronics [145].

Prevention in community settings for CHIKV should be based on methods developed for dengue fever control to reduce vector mosquito density [146]. Dengue fever control programs that are carried out optimally will reduce the possibility of humans being infected when they come to an area that has the potential to cause secondary transmission and the formation of the virus. Dengue fever programs to control *Aedes* species that focus on larval control, often involving communities in environmental management and reduction of mosquito breeding sites [147].

However, community involvement has not been comprehensively incorporated into integrated vector management programs [147, 148].
