*3.1.2.2.1 Periodontal microbiota*

The majority of scientific investigations have not been able to identify any remarkable differences in periodontopathogenic bacteria between males and females [109–111]. Kumar et al. (2013) reviewed the effects of gonadal hormones on oral microbiota and documented only a transient alteration in the number and proportions of specific microorganisms during puberty or pregnancy [112]. So, there is not enough support that such minor and transitory relationships can bear a significant effect on susceptibility for periodontal breakdown [113, 114].
