**2.10 Prognosis**

CIED infection is a serious pathology with a 30-day hospital mortality estimated between 4.6–11% (despite the heterogeneity of the studies) [37]. Studies that included only patients with CIED -IE reported high mortality: 24.5–29% with follow-up periods of up to a year and explant rates of 80–100% [6]. It is associated with systemic infection and sepsis, complications derived from extraction and reimplantation and the own comorbidities of the patients. Long-term mortality is between 1.5 and 2.4 times higher than in CIED carriers without infectious complications. Mortality is high during the first year following CIED infection, but many deaths are not infection related. Abnormal renal function is the most consistently identified risk factor for mortality. Failure to remove an infected device is associated with relapse and mortality. CIED-IE has a higher mortality than localized generator pocket infection.

For all these reasons, infections in patients with CIED and especially those with suspected or confirmed systemic involvement should be considered a medical emergency, that must receive a multidisciplinary approach by a team

**137**

**Author details**

Madrid, Spain

Amparo Benedicto\* and Lourdes Domínguez

provided the original work is properly cited.

The author declares no conflict of interest.

\*Address all correspondence to: ambebe2000@yahoo.es

Cardiology Imaging Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa,

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*Endocarditis and Cardiac Device Infections DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96909*

medicine [38].

**3. Conclusions**

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

Princesa for the work we share daily.

dedication to infective endocarditis.

made up of specialists in infectious diseases and microbiology, interventional cardiologists, electrophysiologists, clinicians and experts in multimodal imaging, surgeons and experts in other imaging techniques such as radiologists and nuclear

Infective endocarditis is a prevalent pathology in developed countries. Its spectrum is changing and its association with intracardiac devices has increased disproportionately in recent decades. Affected patients are especially vulnerable to complications due to both their cardiac and extra-cardiac pathologies and their frequent contact with health-related procedures. Most of these infections are caused by S Aureus and CoNS, many times carriers of antibiotic resistance and must be treated early and aggressively by multidisciplinary teams. We must be careful in the indication and choice of devices and exquisite in the prevention of infections since

once established, therapeutic failure entails high morbidity and mortality.

All the staff of the Cardiology Imaging Department of the Hospital de la

Marta and Carmen Terrón for supervising the translation.

The Infectious Diseases Service of Hospital de la Princesa, for their intense

made up of specialists in infectious diseases and microbiology, interventional cardiologists, electrophysiologists, clinicians and experts in multimodal imaging, surgeons and experts in other imaging techniques such as radiologists and nuclear medicine [38].
