**5. The confrontation of models with the real neuromuscular system of insects**

The anatomy of the insect's locomotor system includes all elements described by biomechanics, i.e., limbs, whose rigid elements are combined in a flexible and repeatable manner, with a certain number of degrees of freedom and muscles, with a strictly defined topography of attachments. This design makes it possible to create simple and clear vector diagrams of internal forces, as well as easy, quadroscopic marking and registration of insect anatomical parts, in particular limbs. Compared to vertebrates, the structure of the nervous system in insects is also easy to read, ranging from the neuromuscular junctions, sectoral coordination elements, to the central nervous system. These features create a good chance of learning the full standard species topography of neuron and neural tract clusters and, with its help, determining the list of simple and complex reflexes and understanding their functional foundations. The listed anatomical advantages and high availability of these animals make them particularly useful in the study of parametric motor-behavioral standards, which are the starting point for the next stage, namely, modeling of elementary and complex reflexes, or holistic models in the information space, e.g., neural networks. Particular attention should be paid to basic research regarding:

1.Maintaining balance in the standard position while performing individual movements and walking

**53**

ful [63–65].

*Biomechanics as an Element of the Motion Clinimetry System*

4.Modeling of movement in a simple network of an insect's ladder-like nervous

5.Spatial orientation [46, 47], based on optical (sun, moon) [48], acoustic [49],

The movement coordination schemes obtained in animal studies are an inspiration for the construction of control algorithms in robotics [51, 52] and prosthetics, which supplements the functions of lost limbs [53, 54]. Equipped with receptors, a simple nervous system of an insect probably allows to define the internal state of the body against the background of a model composed of environmental parameters registered by telereceptors, using projection, symbolic coding, and actions on models, which are an electro-resonant representation of the real phenomena [55–57]. Is it possible, then, to integrate spatial multi-receptor models in simple

**6. Standards of insect motility: an area of inspiration for robotics**

**7. Biomechanics in the chain of driving phenomena and movement** 

The ability to maintain balance and the ability to navigate in the outdoor based on specific markers, including the sun, have been well established in simple nervous systems of insects [60]. However, referring to the earlier discussion, human physical activity covers a broad set of behaviors related not only to maintaining balance but also to the locomotion specificity, facial expressions, speech, and voluntary movements of varying complexity. A stable posture is a prerequisite for the majority of voluntary movements, locomotors, and creative activities. The describable human body motion should be treated as a chain of mutually coupled procedures: perceptive, decision-making, control, motor, and systemically interactive and correlated with internal and external reference system. The biomechanical (dynamic) description is a set of parametric sequences of timesynchronized shift vectors of specific marker points [61, 62]. Movement anatomy should be recorded and evaluated in full anthropomotorical context, at least in

1.Biomechanical, taking into account the range of joint motion, the balance of

2.Coordination, understood as the evaluation of the speed and precision of the

4.Psychomotor, analyzing the impact of emotional state and psychopathology on

Practical attempts undertaken by the authors in this regard have been success-

3.Sensory, regarding the sense of the body setting in space and direction of movement, as well as body orientation in relation to the gravity arrow

motion vectors, the muscle strength, and the muscle tone

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92757*

and magnetic markers [25, 50]

insect neural networks [58, 59]?

**consequences**

four categories:

observed movement patterns

the parameters of vector motion analysis

system [46]


*Recent Advances in Biomechanics*

**of insects**

basic research regarding:

movements and walking

3.Reasons for making a movement [44, 45]

pressure distribution of the ankle joint surfaces, changes in lower leg muscle's length and tension, as well as angle changes between axis of the foot and lower leg [40]. Balance loss prevention is effective provided that the nervous system is able to recognize in less than 70–100 ms, the characteristics (mainly direction and force) of a destabilizing stimulus, and raise a competent engram containing a set of drivers for adequate muscle synergy (rapid coordinated movements compensating instability), which would restore synergy [41]. The speed of the motor reaction (which restores the balance) to the stimulus decreases in proportion to the number of alternative patterns of motion behavior, existing in subject's memory. Hence, the adoption of a specific position (bending body forward) limits the choice of a large number of possible alternative movement patterns, reducing time of a proper coordination scheme to access the motoneurons of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts [42]. It reduces the time to generate a motion sequence, which corrects the displacement of the center of gravity outside the critical curve of the supporting plane, increasing the stability. This behavior can be seen in young people, walking on an unstable surface (adaptation), or in the elderly, even on a stable surface (involution). A strategy for (slightly disturbed) balance recovery in subjects standing on a stable surface has been described, where corrective sequence begins with the contraction of the ankle joint muscles (ankle joint strategy), as well as another strategy, in people standing on a narrow ground, which begins with thigh and trunk muscle contractions, and further includes lower limb muscles (hip joint strategy) (Horak, Neshner). The third way for balance recoFect

the body from falling down (step strategy) (Nesher) [20].

**5. The confrontation of models with the real neuromuscular system** 

The anatomy of the insect's locomotor system includes all elements described by biomechanics, i.e., limbs, whose rigid elements are combined in a flexible and repeatable manner, with a certain number of degrees of freedom and muscles, with a strictly defined topography of attachments. This design makes it possible to create simple and clear vector diagrams of internal forces, as well as easy, quadroscopic marking and registration of insect anatomical parts, in particular limbs. Compared to vertebrates, the structure of the nervous system in insects is also easy to read, ranging from the neuromuscular junctions, sectoral coordination elements, to the central nervous system. These features create a good chance of learning the full standard species topography of neuron and neural tract clusters and, with its help, determining the list of simple and complex reflexes and understanding their functional foundations. The listed anatomical advantages and high availability of these animals make them particularly useful in the study of parametric motor-behavioral standards, which are the starting point for the next stage, namely, modeling of elementary and complex reflexes, or holistic models in the information space, e.g., neural networks. Particular attention should be paid to

1.Maintaining balance in the standard position while performing individual

2.Creating basic, complex, and systemic models of motion control [43]

**52**

