**2. Methods**

Probabilistic not intentional sampling was used, where we studied the population of athletes from the volleyball team of the Sports Concentration of Pichincha,


**Table 1.** *Variables en deportistas prejuveniles.*

**141**

**No.**

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 **Promedio**

**Table 2.** *Variables en las deportistas juveniles.*

157.54

168.91

86.88 *TTR: Tiempo Total del Remate; TPG: Tiempo de la Preparación hasta el Golpe; ACCG: Ángulo del cuerpo en relación al centro de gravedad.*

183.25

157.74

1.65

0.21

174.84

23 25 17 17 18 17 20 22

25

160.50

173.20

89.00

197.00

169.40

1.41

0.20

179.4

28

163.10

166.60

93.00

190.00

144.10

1.95

0.24

169.5

27

158.40

161.10

65.00

188.00

149.40

1.44

0.17

177.4

25

159.60

166.30

110.00

200.00

174.30

1.58

0.24

175.8

23

151.60

178.50

95.00

157.00

142.40

1.85

0.24

169.8

24

160.20

162.80

69.00

179.00

156.30

1.28

0.17

173.6

23

154.80

168.00

91.00

191.00

154.20

1.68

0.20

177.8

25

152.10

174.80

83.00

164.00

171.80

2.01

0.24

175.4

**Edad (años)**

**Medida (cm)**

**1ra fase angulo columna**

**2da fase angulo columna**

**3ra fase angulo codo**

**4ta fase angulo codo**

**5ta fase angulo columna**

**TTR**

**TPG**

**ACCG**

*Kinematical Analysis of the Volleyball Auction in Preyouth and Youth Players of the Pichincha…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91936*

*Recent Advances in Biomechanics*


**Table 2.** *Variables en las deportistas juveniles.*

*Kinematical Analysis of the Volleyball Auction in Preyouth and Youth Players of the Pichincha… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91936*

*Recent Advances in Biomechanics*

**140**

**No.**

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Promedio

**Table 1.** *Variables en deportistas prejuveniles.*

16

24

161.00 153.68 *TTR: Tiempo Total del Remate; TPG: Tiempo de la Preparación hasta el Golpe; ACCG: Ángulo del cuerpo en relación al centro de gravedad.*

164.64

89.18

212.91

168.28

1.94

0.20

173.47

176.30

29.00

221.00

163.40

1.78

0.24

169.8

15

25

148.50

169.30

73.00

220.00

173.40

1.85

0.24

177.2

15 16

26

143.80

175.30

75.00

218.00

179.80

1.95

0.20

163.2

26

154.50

172.20

68.00

192.00

165.00

2.25

0.20

170.3

15 15 16

26

140.20

160.60

45.00

207.00

159.80

2.28

0.24

175.6

25

162.50

168.20

68.00

185.00

171.10

1.71

0.20

178.9

24

144.90

157.80

90.00

211.00

176.80

1.74

0.13

173.3

16

26

151.90

162.60

335.00

209.00

141.20

1.98

0.13

178.4

15 16

27

165.30

162.00

85.00

215.00

171.60

1.85

0.27

172.4

25

156.40

151.80

80.00

249.00

172.80

1.95

0.17

178.3

16

28

161.50

154.90

33.00

215.00

176.20

2.05

0.20

170.8

**Edad** 

**Medida** 

**1st phase** 

**2nd phase** 

**3rd phase** 

**4th phase** 

**5th phase** 

**TTR**

**TPG**

**ACCG**

**angulo** 

**columna**

**angulo codo**

**angulo codo**

**angulo** 

**columna**

**angulo** 

**columna**

**(años)**

**(cm)**


#### **Table 3.**

*Elbow angle in the striking phase.*


#### **Table 4.**

*Time it takes to complete the technical basis of the auction.*

with 11 athletes from the prejuvenile team (16–17 years) and 8 athletes from the youth team (18–19 years), all females.

#### **3. Results**

**Table 1** shows the data obtained from the 11 prejuvenile athletes where average 153.68° was obtained in the first phase; an average of 164.64° was obtained in the second phase; 89.18° in the third stage; an average of 212.91° in the fourth stage; and an average of 168.28° in the fifth phase. In the total execution time of the auction technique (TTR) averaged 1.94 s, while the preparation time until the stroke of the ball (TPG) was averaged from 0.20 s, yielding an average of 173.47° in the angle of the body in relation to the center of gravity at the time of impact with the ball.

**143**

*Kinematical Analysis of the Volleyball Auction in Preyouth and Youth Players of the Pichincha…*

**Table 3** shows that the average range of the preyouth team is 13.36 and the average range of the youth team is 5.38; after analyzing in the SPSS program, it is observed that there is a significant difference since the value obtained is 0.002,

**Table 4** shows that the average range of the preyouth team is 12.36 and the average range of the youth team is 6.75. After analyzing in the SPSS program, it is observed that there is a significant difference since the value obtained is 0.031,

In the phase of stroke approximation n lower average range is evident in the áng ulo column group pre juvenile (9.18) obtained in the young group (11, 13) with no significant differences (p = 0.492). In the whisk the angle of the column in relation to the floor was evidenced with a lower average range in the preyouth group (8.82) than that obtained in the youth group (11.63), without significant differences being evidenced (p = 0.310), while the preparation phase for the beating of the same form showed a lower average range in preyouth (8.09) than in youth (12.63), there being no significant differences between the independent groups studied (p = 0.091). On the other hand, in the beating phase the preyouth group obtained a higher average range (13.36) than that obtained by the youth group (5.38), there being significant differences (p = 0.001) according to the Mann-Whitney statistics; to conclude, in the fall phase there are no significant differences (p = 0.091), although the average range of the angle of the spine is greater in the prejuvenile group (11.91)

When comparing the rest of the variables studied, significant differences were evidenced in the total time of the auction (TTR: p = 0.033), the average range being higher in the preyouth group (12.36) than that obtained by the youth group (6.75), while there were no significant differences when comparing the time of preparation to the strike (TPG: p = 0.717) and the angle of the body in relation to the center of gravity (ACCG: p = 0.717) between independent groups—in both cases there is a lower average range in the preyouth group (TPG = 9.55 and ACCG = 9.59) than in the youth group (TPG = 10.63 and ACCG = 10.56). According to the latest research on biomechanics applied to the auction, we can find that the results allow us to demonstrate what has been exposed by [9] since in his research he concludes that analyzing the technical element allows to know the movement parameters by establishing more specific parameters on the movement patterns present during the execution of the movement. Finally, the values that determine that there are significant differences (beating) correspond to what was stated by Castro et al. [2] since according to his research when comparing the effectiveness of the auction in two different subjects exist differences either by their anthropometric characters

physical condition or by the teaching process learning technique.

**Table 2** shows the data obtained from 8 juvenile athletes studied. We obtained an average of 157.54° in the first phase; 168.91° in the second phase; 86.88° in the third stage; 183.25° in the fourth stage; and an average of 157.74° in the fifth phase of the technical movement studied. In the total execution time of the auction technique (TTR) averaged 1.65 s, while the preparation time until the stroke of the ball (TPG) was averaged from 0.21 s, yielding an average of 174.84° in the angle of the body in relation to the center of gravity at the time of impact with the ball. **Tables 3** and **4** the results of statistical contrast values also shown that generated

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91936*

which is less than 0.05.

which is less than 0.05.

than in the juvenile group (7.38).

**4. Discussion**

significant differences Mann-Whitney U (p ≤ 0.05) samples.

*Kinematical Analysis of the Volleyball Auction in Preyouth and Youth Players of the Pichincha… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91936*

**Table 2** shows the data obtained from 8 juvenile athletes studied. We obtained an average of 157.54° in the first phase; 168.91° in the second phase; 86.88° in the third stage; 183.25° in the fourth stage; and an average of 157.74° in the fifth phase of the technical movement studied. In the total execution time of the auction technique (TTR) averaged 1.65 s, while the preparation time until the stroke of the ball (TPG) was averaged from 0.21 s, yielding an average of 174.84° in the angle of the body in relation to the center of gravity at the time of impact with the ball. **Tables 3** and **4** the results of statistical contrast values also shown that generated significant differences Mann-Whitney U (p ≤ 0.05) samples.

**Table 3** shows that the average range of the preyouth team is 13.36 and the average range of the youth team is 5.38; after analyzing in the SPSS program, it is observed that there is a significant difference since the value obtained is 0.002, which is less than 0.05.

**Table 4** shows that the average range of the preyouth team is 12.36 and the average range of the youth team is 6.75. After analyzing in the SPSS program, it is observed that there is a significant difference since the value obtained is 0.031, which is less than 0.05.

## **4. Discussion**

*Recent Advances in Biomechanics*

**Contrast statistics**<sup>a</sup> **Angle elbow** U de Mann-Whitney 7000 W de Wilcoxon 43,000 Z −3057 Sig. asintót. (bilateral) .002 Sig. exacta [2 × (Sig. unilateral)] .001b

**Contrast statistics**<sup>a</sup> **Auction time** U de Mann-Whitney 18,000 W de Wilcoxon 54,000 Z −2154 Sig. asintót. (bilateral) .031 Sig. exacta [2 × (Sig. unilateral)] .033b

**142**

**3. Results**

*a*

*b*

**Table 4.**

*Group variable: Group.*

*Not corrected for ties.*

*a*

*b*

**Table 3.**

*Group variable: Group.*

*Elbow angle in the striking phase.*

*Not corrected for ties.*

with the ball.

with 11 athletes from the prejuvenile team (16–17 years) and 8 athletes from the

**Group N Average** 

**Group N Average** 

Angle column Pre youth 11 13.36 147.00

Auction time Pre youth 11 12.36 136.00

Total 19

Total 19

**range**

**range**

Youth 8 6.75 54.00

Youth 8 5.38 43.00

**Sum of ranks**

**Sum of ranks**

**Table 1** shows the data obtained from the 11 prejuvenile athletes where average 153.68° was obtained in the first phase; an average of 164.64° was obtained in the second phase; 89.18° in the third stage; an average of 212.91° in the fourth stage; and an average of 168.28° in the fifth phase. In the total execution time of the auction technique (TTR) averaged 1.94 s, while the preparation time until the stroke of the ball (TPG) was averaged from 0.20 s, yielding an average of 173.47° in the angle of the body in relation to the center of gravity at the time of impact

youth team (18–19 years), all females.

*Time it takes to complete the technical basis of the auction.*

In the phase of stroke approximation n lower average range is evident in the áng ulo column group pre juvenile (9.18) obtained in the young group (11, 13) with no significant differences (p = 0.492). In the whisk the angle of the column in relation to the floor was evidenced with a lower average range in the preyouth group (8.82) than that obtained in the youth group (11.63), without significant differences being evidenced (p = 0.310), while the preparation phase for the beating of the same form showed a lower average range in preyouth (8.09) than in youth (12.63), there being no significant differences between the independent groups studied (p = 0.091).

On the other hand, in the beating phase the preyouth group obtained a higher average range (13.36) than that obtained by the youth group (5.38), there being significant differences (p = 0.001) according to the Mann-Whitney statistics; to conclude, in the fall phase there are no significant differences (p = 0.091), although the average range of the angle of the spine is greater in the prejuvenile group (11.91) than in the juvenile group (7.38).

When comparing the rest of the variables studied, significant differences were evidenced in the total time of the auction (TTR: p = 0.033), the average range being higher in the preyouth group (12.36) than that obtained by the youth group (6.75), while there were no significant differences when comparing the time of preparation to the strike (TPG: p = 0.717) and the angle of the body in relation to the center of gravity (ACCG: p = 0.717) between independent groups—in both cases there is a lower average range in the preyouth group (TPG = 9.55 and ACCG = 9.59) than in the youth group (TPG = 10.63 and ACCG = 10.56). According to the latest research on biomechanics applied to the auction, we can find that the results allow us to demonstrate what has been exposed by [9] since in his research he concludes that analyzing the technical element allows to know the movement parameters by establishing more specific parameters on the movement patterns present during the execution of the movement. Finally, the values that determine that there are significant differences (beating) correspond to what was stated by Castro et al. [2] since according to his research when comparing the effectiveness of the auction in two different subjects exist differences either by their anthropometric characters physical condition or by the teaching process learning technique.
