**2.1 International guidelines**


**107**

*Ethics in Laboratory Medicine: An Overview of Considerations for Ethical Issues*

document named as 'Declaration of Helsinki' [6].

get nominal care for their medical condition [7].

involving Human Contributors; ICMR, 2017.

research participants [8].

wellbeing of all participants [9].

**3. Principles of ethics**

are as below (**Figure 1**):

responsible.

**2.2 National guidelines**

investigators and research participant's welfare as well. It was developed by World Medical Association (WMA) which includes the set of ethical moralities for conducting research involving humans for medical community. Ten principles of Nuremberg code and Declaration of Geneva were tied in a single

d.**Belmont report, 1978–1979:** The Belmont Report was generated by the United States of America (USA) National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1978. It is one of the key work concerning ethics and healthcare research and explains the ethical guidelines for experiments involving human participants. It three basic principles includes the respect for participants, justice and beneficence. In research these basic principles obliged to consider. It also saves the rights of participants in clinical and experimental researches. It also describes the approval of study by the Institutional ethical committee and ensures that participant should at least

e.**CIOMS guidelines [Council for International organizations of Medical Sciences], 1992–1993, Revised 2002**: International ethical guidelines were announced by CIOMS for epidemiological studies in 1991 and for researches involving human participants were announced in 1993. It focusses on the pharmacovigilance, reporting of adverse drug effects along with protection of

a.National ethical guidelines for Health Research and biomedical sciences

In 2017, Indian Council of Medical Research introduced ethical guidelines for research on Human Participants. In India, it is mandatory for all research organizations to strictly follow these guidelines in letter for all types of biomedical research involving human beings, along with complete documentation to protect safety and

The important three core ethical principles are discussed in all documents. These

a.**Respect for persons:** We must respect patient and their self-respect. There is freedom of decisions to the each participant of the study. It is an obligation to respect the decisions made by people concerning their own lives. This is respecting human dignity. We must not interfere with the decisions of competent adults, and also actively empower others for whom we are

b.**Beneficence**: It refers to our duties in the best interests of the patients or research participants. The goal is to maximize benefits and minimize harms, the latter sometimes Latinate as *non-maleficence.* Everyone must be fair and correct in all their actions and must take positive steps to prevent harm.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96122*

*Ethics in Laboratory Medicine: An Overview of Considerations for Ethical Issues DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96122*

investigators and research participant's welfare as well. It was developed by World Medical Association (WMA) which includes the set of ethical moralities for conducting research involving humans for medical community. Ten principles of Nuremberg code and Declaration of Geneva were tied in a single document named as 'Declaration of Helsinki' [6].

