We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists

5,500+

Open access books available

135,000+

International authors and editors

165M+

Downloads

156 Countries delivered to Our authors are among the

Top 1% most cited scientists

12.2%

Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI)

## Interested in publishing with us? Contact book.department@intechopen.com

Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com

## Meet the editor

Dr. Nikolai V. Gorbunov received a Ph.D. in Biology from the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was granted a postdoctoral research award by the NRC Research Associateship Programs, after which he joined the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Maryland, USA, to pursue postdoctoral training and research on biophysics and molecular and cellular pathology of blast-related polytrauma. Dr. Gorbunov completed a DoE-spon-

sored training in radiation sciences and radiation health at the University of Pittsburgh and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, USA (www. emsl.pnl.gov/emslweb). His translational research areas include redox homeostasis, cellular mechanisms of barrier functions in conjunction with the biology of blast polytrauma, and acute radiation illness. In this framework, he investigated molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to vascular dysfunction and impairment of tissue barriers in the pathogenesis of radiation-combined injury with a focus on the development of new remedies for the management of the diseases. He conducted this research at WRAIR and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland, USA (https://www.usuhs.edu).

Contents

*by Nikolai V. Gorbunov*

to Alleviate PTSD

*and Provisions by Sunil Jain*

*and Terence M. Keane*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 5**

**Chapter 3 25**

**Chapter 4 35**

**Chapter 5 53**

Introductory Chapter: Military Medicine - Current Topics

Assessment and Treatment of Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results from STRONG STAR and the Consortium

*by Alan L. Peterson, Barbara L. Niles, Stacey Young-McCaughan* 

*by Lei Zhang, Xianzhang Hu, Xiaoxia Li and Robert J. Ursano*

Combat Casualty Care for Children: *Peculiarities, Problems,* 

Frostbite: A Conundrum in High Altitudes

*by Abhishek Kadian, Sachin Saini and Rajesh Khanna*

Chemokines as Potential Biomarkers for PTSD in Military Population

## Contents


Preface

The tremendous social, economic and technological development of modern societies has created a global civilization, yet the threat of military force with conventional weapon systems, weapons of mass destruction, and weaponized machinery remains an indispensable tactical approach in pursuing the "doctrine of national interests" on

enhancements, human frailty is unavoidable, as is the risk of complex adverse health outcomes in warfighters. Along with this, there is a devastating toll of the direct and ancillary effects of traumatic combat circumstances among civilians when modern warfare occurs in highly populated urban zones. Thus, military and civilian casualties in modern wars engenders additional challenges to the military operational medicine, combat casualty care and the Force Health Protection healthcare program during pre-deployment, deployment and rehabilitation. These new problems demand new solutions based on advanced concepts and methods of the biosciences and health sciences, including the epidemiology of combat-related disorders. It is worth noting that the progress in understanding changes in the human body as well as in human mental ability caused by various forms of injury, including psychological trauma, can result in improved treatment of a wide variety of human diseases. Thus, these new developments can be addressed to the benefit of humanity throughout the world.

Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine,

**Nikolai V. Gorbunov**

United States of America

However, therein lies the fundamental problems in the recent era of combat operations: despite advanced training, personal protection, and even human

land and sea and, recently, in air and space.
