**6. References**


Myocardial Self-Repair and Congenital Heart Disease 287

D'Amario, D., Cabral-Da-Silva, M. C., Zheng, H., Fiorini, C., Goichberg, P., Steadman, E.,

Dettman, R. W., Denetclaw, W., Jr., Ordahl, C. P. & Bristow, J. (1998). Common Epicardial

Drapeau, J., El-Helou, V., Clement, R., Bel-Hadj, S., Gosselin, H., Trudeau, L. E., Villeneuve,

Dyer, L. A. & Kirby, M. L. (2009). The Role of Secondary Heart Field in Cardiac

Frazier, A. H., Ramirez-Correa, G. A. & Murphy, A. M. (2011). Molecular Mechanisms of

Fynn-Thompson, F. & Almond, C. (2007). Pediatric Ventricular Assist Devices. *Pediatric* 

Garcia-Martinez, V. & Schoenwolf, G. C. (1993). Primitive-Streak Origin of the

Garg, V., Kathiriya, I. S., Barnes, R., Schluterman, M. K., King, I. N., Butler, C. A., Rothrock,

Gonzales, C. & Pedrazzini, T. (2009). Progenitor Cell Therapy for Heart Disease. *Exp Cell Res*

Gonzalez, A., Rota, M., Nurzynska, D., Misao, Y., Tillmanns, J., Ojaimi, C., Padin-Iruegas, M.

(Jul, 2005) pp. 51-62, ISBN 0021-9541 (Print) 0021-9541 (Linking)

1095-564X (Electronic) 0012-1606 (Linking)

ISBN 1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking)

(Jan 15, 1998) pp. 169-181, ISBN 0012-1606 (Print) 0012-1606 (Linking) Di Felice, V. & Zummo, G. (2009). Tetralogy of Fallot as a Model to Study Cardiac

877-889, ISBN 1534-5807 (Print) 1534-5807 (Linking)

(Electronic) 0009-7330 (Linking)

1050-1738 (Linking)

9813 (Linking)

0643 (Linking)

pp. 706-719, ISBN

(Linking)

Contributes a Majority of Cells to the Heart. *Dev Cell* Vol.5, No.6, (Dec, 2003) pp.

Ferreira-Martins, J., Sanada, F., Piccoli, M., Cappetta, D., D'Alessandro, D. A., Michler, R. E., Hosoda, T., Anastasia, L., Rota, M., Leri, A., Anversa, P. & Kajstura, J. (2011). Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Identifies a Pool of Human Cardiac Stem Cells with Superior Therapeutic Potential for Myocardial Regeneration. *Circulation research* Vol.108, No.12, (Jun 10, 2011) pp. 1467-1481, ISBN 1524-4571

Origin of Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle, Perivascular Fibroblasts, and Intermyocardial Fibroblasts in the Avian Heart. *Developmental biology* Vol.193, No.2,

Progenitor Cell Migration and Differentiation During Heart Development. *Trends Cardiovasc Med* Vol.19, No.4, (May, 2009) pp. 130-135, ISBN 1873-2615 (Electronic)

L. & Calderone, A. (2005). Nestin-Expressing Neural Stem Cells Identified in the Scar Following Myocardial Infarction. *Journal of cellular physiology* Vol.204, No.1,

Development. *Developmental biology* Vol.336, No.2, (Dec 15, 2009) pp. 137-144, ISBN

Sarcomere Dysfunction in Dilated and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. *Progress in pediatric cardiology* Vol.31, No.1, (Jan 1, 2011) pp. 29-33, ISBN 1058-9813 (Print) 1058-

*cardiology* Vol.28, No.2, (Mar-Apr, 2007) pp. 149-155, ISBN 0172-0643 (Print) 0172-

Cardiovascular System in Avian Embryos.Pdf. *Developmental Biology* Vol.159, 1993)

C. R., Eapen, R. S., Hirayama-Yamada, K., Joo, K., Matsuoka, R., Cohen, J. C. & Srivastava, D. (2003). Gata4 Mutations Cause Human Congenital Heart Defects and Reveal an Interaction with Tbx5. *Nature* Vol.424, No.6947, (Jul 24, 2003) pp. 443-447,

Vol.315, No.18, (Nov 1, 2009) pp. 3077-3085, ISBN 1090-2422 (Electronic) 0014-4827

E., Muller, P., Esposito, G., Bearzi, C., Vitale, S., Dawn, B., Sanganalmath, S. K., Baker, M., Hintze, T. H., Bolli, R., Urbanek, K., Hosoda, T., Anversa, P., Kajstura, J. & Leri, A. (2008). Activation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Reverses the Failing Heart


Bearzi, C., Rota, M., Hosoda, T., Tillmanns, J., Nascimbene, A., De Angelis, A., Yasuzawa-

Beguin, P. C., El-Helou, V., Gillis, M. A., Duquette, N., Gosselin, H., Brugada, R., Villeneuve,

Beltrami, A. P., Barlucchi, L., Torella, D., Baker, M., Limana, F., Chimenti, S., Kasahara, H.,

Bergmann, O., Bhardwaj, R. D., Bernard, S., Zdunek, S., Barnabe-Heider, F., Walsh, S.,

Bhavsar, P. K., Brand, N. J., Felkin, L. E., Luther, P. K., Cullen, M. E., Yacoub, M. H. & Barton,

Birks, E. J., George, R. S., Hedger, M., Bahrami, T., Wilton, P., Bowles, C. T., Webb, C.,

Bollini, S., Smart, N. & Riley, P. R. (2011). Resident Cardiac Progenitor Cells: At the Heart of

Boni, A., Urbanek, K., Nascimbene, A., Hosoda, T., Zheng, H., Delucchi, F., Amano, K.,

Bradshaw, L., Chaudhry, B., Hildreth, V., Webb, S. & Henderson, D. J. (2009). Dual Role for

Cai, C. L., Liang, X., Shi, Y., Chu, P. H., Pfaff, S. L., Chen, J. & Evans, S. (2003). Isl1 Identifies

2009) pp. 98-102, ISBN 1095-9203 (Electronic) 0036-8075 (Linking)

Vol.3, No.6, (Dec, 2010) pp. 688-695, ISBN 1937-5395 (Electronic)

296-303, ISBN 1095-8584 (Electronic) 0022-2828 (Linking)

15534, ISBN 1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Linking)

1469-7580 (Electronic) 0021-8782 (Linking)

(Print) 0027-8424 (Linking)

0092-8674 (Linking)

4652 (Electronic) 0021-9541 (Linking)

(Electronic) 0077-8923 (Linking)

Amano, S., Trofimova, I., Siggins, R. W., Lecapitaine, N., Cascapera, S., Beltrami, A. P., D'Alessandro, D. A., Zias, E., Quaini, F., Urbanek, K., Michler, R. E., Bolli, R., Kajstura, J., Leri, A. & Anversa, P. (2007). Human Cardiac Stem Cells. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A* Vol.104, No.35, (Aug 28, 2007) pp. 14068-14073, ISBN 0027-8424

L., Lauzier, D., Tanguay, J. F., Ribuot, C. & Calderone, A. (2011). Nestin (+) Stem Cells Independently Contribute to Neural Remodelling of the Ischemic Heart. *Journal of cellular physiology* Vol.226, No.5, (May, 2011) pp. 1157-1165, ISBN 1097-

Rota, M., Musso, E., Urbanek, K., Leri, A., Kajstura, J., Nadal-Ginard, B. & Anversa, P. (2003). Adult Cardiac Stem Cells Are Multipotent and Support Myocardial Regeneration. *Cell* Vol.114, No.6, (Sep 19, 2003) pp. 763-776, ISBN 0092-8674 (Print)

Zupicich, J., Alkass, K., Buchholz, B. A., Druid, H., Jovinge, S. & Frisen, J. (2009). Evidence for Cardiomyocyte Renewal in Humans. *Science* Vol.324, No.5923, (Apr 3,

P. J. (2010). Clenbuterol Induces Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy Via Paracrine Signalling and Fibroblast-Derived Igf-1. *Journal of cardiovascular translational research*

Bougard, R., Amrani, M., Yacoub, M. H., Dreyfus, G. & Khaghani, A. (2011). Reversal of Severe Heart Failure with a Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device and Pharmacological Therapy: A Prospective Study. *Circulation* Vol.123, No.4, (Feb 1, 2011) pp. 381-390, ISBN 1524-4539 (Electronic) 0009-7322 (Linking) Bolli, P. & Chaudhry, H. W. (2010). Molecular Physiology of Cardiac Regeneration. *Annals of* 

*the New York Academy of Sciences* Vol.1211, (Nov, 2010) pp. 113-126, ISBN 1749-6632

Regeneration. *Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology* Vol.50, No.2, (Feb, 2011) pp.

Gonzalez, A., Vitale, S., Ojaimi, C., Rizzi, R., Bolli, R., Yutzey, K. E., Rota, M., Kajstura, J., Anversa, P. & Leri, A. (2008). Notch1 Regulates the Fate of Cardiac Progenitor Cells. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A* Vol.105, No.40, (Oct 7, 2008) pp. 15529-

Neural Crest Cells During Outflow Tract Septation in the Neural Crest-Deficient Mutant Splotch(2h). *Journal of anatomy* Vol.214, No.2, (Feb, 2009) pp. 245-257, ISBN

a Cardiac Progenitor Population That Proliferates Prior to Differentiation and

Contributes a Majority of Cells to the Heart. *Dev Cell* Vol.5, No.6, (Dec, 2003) pp. 877-889, ISBN 1534-5807 (Print) 1534-5807 (Linking)


Myocardial Self-Repair and Congenital Heart Disease 289

Manginas, A., Tsiavou, A., Sfyrakis, P., Giamouzis, G., Tsourelis, L., Leontiadis, E.,

Martinez-Estrada, O. M., Lettice, L. A., Essafi, A., Guadix, J. A., Slight, J., Velecela, V., Hall,

Merscher, S., Funke, B., Epstein, J. A., Heyer, J., Puech, A., Lu, M. M., Xavier, R. J., Demay,

No.4, (Feb 23, 2001) pp. 619-629, ISBN 0092-8674 (Print) 0092-8674 (Linking) Messina, E., De Angelis, L., Frati, G., Morrone, S., Chimenti, S., Fiordaliso, F., Salio, M.,

Moraes, F., Novoa, A., Jerome-Majewska, L. A., Papaioannou, V. E. & Mallo, M. (2005). Tbx1

No.2, (Feb, 2005) pp. 199-212, ISBN 0925-4773 (Print) 0925-4773 (Linking) Moretti, A., Caron, L., Nakano, A., Lam, J. T., Bernshausen, A., Chen, Y., Qyang, Y., Bu, L.,

Morrison, S. J. & Spradling, A. C. (2008). Stem Cells and Niches: Mechanisms That Promote

Murry, C. E., Field, L. J. & Menasche, P. (2005). Cell-Based Cardiac Repair: Reflections at the 10-Year Point. *Circulation* Vol.112, No.20, 2005) pp. 3174-3183, ISBN 1524-4539 Murry, C. E., Soonpaa, M. H., Reinecke, H., Nakajima, H., Nakajima, H. O., Rubart, M.,

Nielsen, J. C., Lytrivi, I. D., Ko, H. H., Yau, J., Bhatla, P., Parness, I. A. & Srivastava, S. (2010).

(Jul, 2010) pp. 691-695, ISBN 1540-8175 (Electronic) 0742-2822 (Linking)

921, ISBN 1524-4571 (Electronic) 0009-7330 (Linking)

1151-1165, ISBN 0092-8674 (Print) 0092-8674 (Linking)

611, ISBN 1097-4172 (Electronic) 0092-8674 (Linking)

No.6983, 2004) pp. 664-668, ISBN 1476-4687

(Electronic) 1053-2498 (Linking)

Degiannis, D., Cokkinos, D. V. & Alivizatos, P. A. (2009). Increased Number of Circulating Progenitor Cells after Implantation of Ventricular Assist Devices. *The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation* Vol.28, No.7, (Jul, 2009) pp. 710-717, ISBN 1557-3117

E., Reichmann, J., Devenney, P. S., Hohenstein, P., Hosen, N., Hill, R. E., Munoz-Chapuli, R. & Hastie, N. D. (2010). Wt1 Is Required for Cardiovascular Progenitor Cell Formation through Transcriptional Control of Snail and E-Cadherin. *Nat Genet* Vol.42, No.1, (Jan, 2010) pp. 89-93, ISBN 1546-1718 (Electronic) 1061-4036 (Linking)

M. B., Russell, R. G., Factor, S., Tokooya, K., Jore, B. S., Lopez, M., Pandita, R. K., Lia, M., Carrion, D., Xu, H., Schorle, H., Kobler, J. B., Scambler, P., Wynshaw-Boris, A., Skoultchi, A. I., Morrow, B. E. & Kucherlapati, R. (2001). Tbx1 Is Responsible for Cardiovascular Defects in Velo-Cardio-Facial/Digeorge Syndrome. *Cell* Vol.104,

Battaglia, M., Latronico, M. V., Coletta, M., Vivarelli, E., Frati, L., Cossu, G. & Giacomello, A. (2004). Isolation and Expansion of Adult Cardiac Stem Cells from Human and Murine Heart. *Circulation research* Vol.95, No.9, (Oct 29, 2004) pp. 911-

Is Required for Proper Neural Crest Migration and to Stabilize Spatial Patterns During Middle and Inner Ear Development. *Mechanisms of development* Vol.122,

Sasaki, M., Martin-Puig, S., Sun, Y., Evans, S. M., Laugwitz, K. L. & Chien, K. R. (2006). Multipotent Embryonic Isl1+ Progenitor Cells Lead to Cardiac, Smooth Muscle, and Endothelial Cell Diversification. *Cell* Vol.127, No.6, (Dec 15, 2006) pp.

Stem Cell Maintenance Throughout Life. *Cell* Vol.132, No.4, (Feb 22, 2008) pp. 598-

Pasumarthi, K. B. S., Virag, J. I., Bartelmez, S. H., Poppa, V., Bradford, G., Dowell, J. D., Williams, D. A. & Field, L. J. (2004). Haematopoietic Stem Cells Do Not Transdifferentiate into Cardiac Myocytes in Myocardial Infarcts. *Nature* Vol.428,

The Accuracy of Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Size in Children by the 5/6 Area X Length (Bullet) Method. *Echocardiography* Vol.27, No.6,

Senescent Phenotype and Prolongs Lifespan. *Circ Res* Vol.102, No.5, (Mar 14, 2008) pp. 597-606, ISBN


Hutson, M. R. & Kirby, M. L. (2007). Model Systems for the Study of Heart Development

Jain, R., Rentschler, S. & Epstein, J. A. (2010). Notch and Cardiac Outflow Tract

Jerome, L. A. & Papaioannou, V. E. (2001). Digeorge Syndrome Phenotype in Mice Mutant

Kelly, R. G., Brown, N. A. & Buckingham, M. E. (2001). The Arterial Pole of the Mouse Heart

Laflamme, M. A. & Murry, C. E. (2011). Heart Regeneration. *Nature* Vol.473, No.7347, (May 19, 2011) pp. 326-335, ISBN 1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking) Laugwitz, K. L., Moretti, A., Lam, J., Gruber, P., Chen, Y., Woodard, S., Lin, L. Z., Cai, C. L.,

Lemischka, I. R. (1997). Microenvironmental Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. *Stem cells* Vol.15 Suppl 1, 1997) pp. 63-68, ISBN 1066-5099 (Print) 1066-5099 (Linking) Leri, A., Barlucchi, L., Limana, F., Deptala, A., Darzynkiewicz, Z., Hintze, T. H., Kajstura, J.,

Limana, F., Germani, A., Zacheo, A., Kajstura, J., Di Carlo, A., Borsellino, G., Leoni, O.,

Linke, A., Muller, P., Nurzynska, D., Casarsa, C., Torella, D., Nascimbene, A., Castaldo, C.,

e73-83, ISBN 1524-4571 (Electronic) 0009-7330 (Linking)

ISBN 0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424 (Linking)

184-190, ISBN 1749-6632 (Electronic) 0077-8923 (Linking)

ISBN 1061-4036 (Print) 1061-4036 (Linking)

pp. 597-606, ISBN

1084-9521 (Linking)

(Linking)

0028-0836 (Linking)

8424 (Linking)

Senescent Phenotype and Prolongs Lifespan. *Circ Res* Vol.102, No.5, (Mar 14, 2008)

and Disease. Cardiac Neural Crest and Conotruncal Malformations. *Seminars in cell & developmental biology* Vol.18, No.1, (Feb, 2007) pp. 101-110, ISBN 1084-9521 (Print)

Development. *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences* Vol.1188, (Feb, 2010) pp.

for the T-Box Gene, Tbx1. *Nature genetics* Vol.27, No.3, (Mar, 2001) pp. 286-291,

Forms from Fgf10-Expressing Cells in Pharyngeal Mesoderm. *Developmental cell* Vol.1, No.3, (Sep, 2001) pp. 435-440, ISBN 1534-5807 (Print) 1534-5807 (Linking) Kirby, M. L. & Waldo, K. L. (1995). Neural Crest and Cardiovascular Patterning. *Circulation* 

*research* Vol.77, No.2, (Aug, 1995) pp. 211-215, ISBN 0009-7330 (Print) 0009-7330

Lu, M. M., Reth, M., Platoshyn, O., Yuan, J. X., Evans, S. & Chien, K. R. (2005). Postnatal Isl1+ Cardioblasts Enter Fully Differentiated Cardiomyocyte Lineages. *Nature* Vol.433, No.7026, (Feb 10, 2005) pp. 647-653, ISBN 1476-4687 (Electronic)

Nadal-Ginard, B. & Anversa, P. (2001). Telomerase Expression and Activity Are Coupled with Myocyte Proliferation and Preservation of Telomeric Length in the Failing Heart. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* Vol.98, No.15, (Jul 17, 2001) pp. 8626-8631, ISBN 0027-8424 (Print) 0027-

Palumbo, R., Battistini, L., Rastaldo, R., Muller, S., Pompilio, G., Anversa, P., Bianchi, M. E. & Capogrossi, M. C. (2005). Exogenous High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Induces Myocardial Regeneration after Infarction Via Enhanced Cardiac C-Kit+ Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. *Circ Res* Vol.97, No.8, (Oct 14, 2005) pp.

Cascapera, S., Bohm, M., Quaini, F., Urbanek, K., Leri, A., Hintze, T. H., Kajstura, J. & Anversa, P. (2005). Stem Cells in the Dog Heart Are Self-Renewing, Clonogenic, and Multipotent and Regenerate Infarcted Myocardium, Improving Cardiac Function. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A* Vol.102, No.25, (Jun 21, 2005) pp. 8966-8971,


Myocardial Self-Repair and Congenital Heart Disease 291

Spradling, A., Drummond-Barbosa, D. & Kai, T. (2001). Stem Cells Find Their Niche. *Nature*

Sturzu, A. C. & Wu, S. M. (2011). Developmental and Regenerative Biology of Multipotent

Sui, R., Liao, X., Zhou, X. & Tan, Q. (2011). The Current Status of Engineering Myocardial

Sun, X., Meyers, E. N., Lewandoski, M. & Martin, G. R. (1999). Targeted Disruption of Fgf8

Takeuchi, J. K. & Bruneau, B. G. (2009). Directed Transdifferentiation of Mouse Mesoderm to

Tallini, Y. N., Greene, K. S., Craven, M., Spealman, A., Breitbach, M., Smith, J., Fisher, P. J.,

Tam, P. P., Parameswaran, M., Kinder, S. J. & Weinberger, R. P. (1997). The Allocation of

(May, 1997) pp. 1631-1642, ISBN 0950-1991 (Print) 0950-1991 (Linking) Tamura, Y., Matsumura, K., Sano, M., Tabata, H., Kimura, K., Ieda, M., Arai, T., Ohno, Y.,

706, ISBN 0008-6363 (Print) 0008-6363 (Linking)

ISBN 1524-4571 (Electronic) 0009-7330 (Linking)

ISBN 1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking)

2010) pp. 147-152, ISBN 1937-5395 (Electronic)

62-69, ISBN 1095-564X (Electronic) 0012-1606 (Linking)

9226-9231, ISBN 0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424 (Linking)

(Electronic) 1550-8943 (Linking)

(Electronic) 0027-8424 (Linking)

(Linking)

9369 (Linking)

Clenbuterol in Enhancing Reverse Remodelling During Mechanical Unloading in Murine Heart Failure. *Cardiovascular research* Vol.77, No.4, (Mar 1, 2008) pp. 695-

Vol.414, No.6859, (Nov 1, 2001) pp. 98-104, ISBN 0028-0836 (Print) 0028-0836

Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells. *Circ Res* Vol.108, No.3, (Feb 4, 2011) pp. 353-364,

Tissue. *Stem cell reviews* Vol.7, No.1, (Mar, 2011) pp. 172-180, ISBN 1558-6804

Causes Failure of Cell Migration in the Gastrulating Mouse Embryo. *Genes & development* Vol.13, No.14, (Jul 15, 1999) pp. 1834-1846, ISBN 0890-9369 (Print) 0890-

Heart Tissue by Defined Factors. *Nature* Vol.459, No.7247, (Jun 4, 2009) pp. 708-711,

Steffey, M., Hesse, M., Doran, R. M., Woods, A., Singh, B., Yen, A., Fleischmann, B. K. & Kotlikoff, M. I. (2009). C-Kit Expression Identifies Cardiovascular Precursors in the Neonatal Heart. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* Vol.106, No.6, (Feb 10, 2009) pp. 1808-1813, ISBN 1091-6490

Epiblast Cells to the Embryonic Heart and Other Mesodermal Lineages: The Role of Ingression and Tissue Movement During Gastrulation. *Development* Vol.124, No.9,

Kanazawa, H., Yuasa, S., Kaneda, R., Makino, S., Nakajima, K., Okano, H. & Fukuda, K. (2011). Neural Crest-Derived Stem Cells Migrate and Differentiate into Cardiomyocytes after Myocardial Infarction. *Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol* Vol.31, No.3, (Mar, 2011) pp. 582-589, ISBN 1524-4636 (Electronic) 1079-5642 (Linking) Tsiavou, A. & Manginas, A. (2010). Dynamics of Progenitor Cells and Ventricular Assist

Device Intervention. *Journal of cardiovascular translational research* Vol.3, No.2, (Apr,

Srivastava, D. (2011). Hand2 Function in Second Heart Field Progenitors Is Essential for Cardiogenesis. *Developmental biology* Vol.351, No.1, (Mar 1, 2011) pp.

Boni, A., Bolli, R., Kajstura, J., Anversa, P. & Leri, A. (2006). Stem Cell Niches in the Adult Mouse Heart. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A* Vol.103, No.24, (Jun 13, 2006) pp.

Tsuchihashi, T., Maeda, J., Shin, C. H., Ivey, K. N., Black, B. L., Olson, E. N., Yamagishi, H. &

Urbanek, K., Cesselli, D., Rota, M., Nascimbene, A., De Angelis, A., Hosoda, T., Bearzi, C.,


Nishibatake, M., Kirby, M. L. & Van Mierop, L. H. (1987). Pathogenesis of Persistent

Oh, H., Bradfute, S. B., Gallardo, T. D., Nakamura, T., Gaussin, V., Mishina, Y., Pocius, J.,

Oh, H. & Schneider, M. D. (2002). The Emerging Role of Telomerase in Cardiac Muscle Cell

Orlic, D., Kajstura, J., Chimenti, S., Jakoniuk, I., Anderson, S. M., Li, B., Pickel, J., McKay, R.,

Palumbo, R. & Bianchi, M. E. (2004). High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein, a Cue for Stem Cell

Pouly, J., Bruneval, P., Mandet, C., Proksch, S., Peyrard, S., Amrein, C., Bousseaux, V.,

Rossant, J. (2008). Stem Cells and Early Lineage Development. *Cell* Vol.132, No.4, (Feb 22,

Saga, Y., Miyagawa-Tomita, S., Takagi, A., Kitajima, S., Miyazaki, J. & Inoue, T. (1999).

Sairanen, H. & Louhimo, I. (1992). Dimensions of the Heart and Great Vessels in Normal

Schenke-Layland, K., Nsair, A., Van Handel, B., Angelis, E., Gluck, J. M., Votteler, M.,

(Apr, 2011) pp. 2748-2756, ISBN 1878-5905 (Electronic) 0142-9612 (Linking) Shi, Y., Moon, M., Dawood, S., McManus, B. & Liu, P. P. (2011). Mechanisms and

Smart, N., Risebro, C. A., Clark, J. E., Ehler, E., Miquerol, L., Rossdeutsch, A., Marber, M. S.

Soppa, G. K., Lee, J., Stagg, M. A., Felkin, L. E., Barton, P. J., Siedlecka, U., Youssef, S.,

2010) pp. 97-104, ISBN 1749-6632 (Electronic) 0077-8923 (Linking)

2008) pp. 527-531, ISBN 1097-4172 (Electronic) 0092-8674 (Linking)

pp. 12313-12318, ISBN 0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424 (Linking)

2002) pp. 717-724, ISBN 0022-2828 (Print) 0022-2828 (Linking)

705, ISBN 0028-0836 (Print) 0028-0836 (Linking)

678, ISBN 1097-685X (Electronic) 0022-5223 (Linking)

ISBN 0006-2952 (Print) 0006-2952 (Linking)

0950-1991 (Print) 0950-1991 (Linking)

(Electronic) 0340-9937 (Linking)

92, ISBN 0036-5580 (Print) 0036-5580 (Linking)

0009-7322 (Linking)

Truncus Arteriosus and Dextroposed Aorta in the Chick Embryo after Neural Crest Ablation. *Circulation* Vol.75, No.1, (Jan, 1987) pp. 255-264, ISBN 0009-7322 (Print)

Michael, L. H., Behringer, R. R., Garry, D. J., Entman, M. L. & Schneider, M. D. (2003). Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Adult Myocardium: Homing, Differentiation, and Fusion after Infarction. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A* Vol.100, No.21, (Oct 14, 2003)

Growth and Survival. *Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology* Vol.34, No.7, (Jul,

Nadal-Ginard, B., Bodine, D. M., Leri, A. & Anversa, P. (2001). Bone Marrow Cells Regenerate Infarcted Myocardium. *Nature* Vol.410, No.6829, (Apr 5, 2001) pp. 701-

Recruitment. *Biochemical pharmacology* Vol.68, No.6, (Sep 15, 2004) pp. 1165-1170,

Guillemain, R., Deloche, A., Fabiani, J. N. & Menasche, P. (2008). Cardiac Stem Cells in the Real World. *J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg* Vol.135, No.3, (Mar, 2008) pp. 673-

Mesp1 Is Expressed in the Heart Precursor Cells and Required for the Formation of a Single Heart Tube. *Development* Vol.126, No.15, (Aug, 1999) pp. 3437-3447, ISBN

Children. A Postmortem Study of Cardiac Ventricles, Valves and Great Vessels. *Scandinavian journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery* Vol.26, No.2, 1992) pp. 83-

Goldhaber, J. I., Mikkola, H. K., Kahn, M. & Maclellan, W. R. (2011). Recapitulation of the Embryonic Cardiovascular Progenitor Cell Niche. *Biomaterials* Vol.32, No.11,

Management of Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity. *Herz*(Jun 9, 2011) pp. ISBN 1615-6692

& Riley, P. R. (2010). Thymosin Beta4 Facilitates Epicardial Neovascularization of the Injured Adult Heart. *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences* Vol.1194, (Apr,

Yacoub, M. H. & Terracciano, C. M. (2008). Role and Possible Mechanisms of

Clenbuterol in Enhancing Reverse Remodelling During Mechanical Unloading in Murine Heart Failure. *Cardiovascular research* Vol.77, No.4, (Mar 1, 2008) pp. 695- 706, ISBN 0008-6363 (Print) 0008-6363 (Linking)


**13** 

Jia Li

*Canada* 

*University of Alberta* 

**Accurate Measurement of Systemic** 

**Oxygen Consumption in Ventilated** 

**Children with Congenital Heart Disease** 

Measuring systemic oxygen consumption (VO2) is a fundamental part of hemodynamic and oxygen transport assessment when using the Fick principle. This measure is pivotal for children with congenital heart disease, at cardiac catheterization and in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB). According to the direct Fick principle (Fick, 1870), VO2 may be combined with the difference between arterial and venous oxygen content, and the pressure gradient, to allow the calculation of each parameter of systemic hemodynamics and oxygen transport. Parameters that may be calculated include systemic and pulmonary blood flows (Qs and Qp) and resistances (SVR and PVR), systemic oxygen delivery (DO2), and oxygen extraction ratio (ERO2). Importantly, these parameters can be derived in a variety of simple or complex circulations in congenital heart defects before and after surgical repair or palliation, including *1)* biventricular circulation with or without left to right or right to left shunt (Li, Hoschtitzky et al. 2004; Li, Schulze-Neick et al. 2000; Schulze-Neick, Li et al. 2001; Schulze-Neick, Li et al. 2002), *2)* functionally single ventricular circulation such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome before and after the Norwood procedure (Li, Zhang et al. 2006; Li, Zhang et al. 2006; Li, Zhang et al. 2007; Li, Zhang et al. 2007; Li, Zhang et al. 2008), and *3)* one-and-a-half ventricular circulation such as after the bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt operation (Hoskote, Li et al.

If VO2 needs to be measured, then accuracy of the measurement cannot be overemphasized (Kendrick, West et al. 1988; Laitinen and Rasanen 1998; Shanahan, Wilson et al. 2003). Any error in VO2 measurement will translate directly into an equivalent magnitude of underestimation or over-estimation of hemodynamics and oxygen transport parameters, which may misdirect surgical and clinical treatment strategies. Prognostic cardiac catheterization is often used for evaluation of systemic and pulmonary blood flows and vascular resistances, particularly pulmonary vascular resistance, in patients with primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension, and in patients with functionally single ventricular abnormalities undergoing staged surgical palliations. In this latter group, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance is a risk factor for poor outcome (Gentles, Gauvreau et al. 1997; Gentles, Mayer et al. 1997; Mair, Hagler et al. 1990), emphasizing the need for accurate hemodynamic

**1. Introduction** 

2004; Li, Hoskote et al. 2005).

assessment before staged palliations.

