**2.1 Primary education**

Primary education is the basic curriculum to be pursued during the first nine years of school and consists of a six-year primary school education system and a three-year junior secondary school educational program. Primary education takes the form of elementary school (SD) and junior high school (SMP). Primary

**Figure 1.**

*Formal education level in Indonesia (source: [1]).*

education is the beginning of children's education, as it teaches children to read properly, develop their math and reasoning skills. Primary literacy aims to lay the foundations for intelligence, knowledge, maturity, good character, and capacity to live independently and pursue further education. To attempt to achieve primary education goals, a teacher's position to the learning process is required to ensure that students have consistency between cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor skills.
