**7. Conclusions**

*Occupational Wellbeing*

*they step on our necks*," [28].

**5. Limitations for generalizability**

different geographies, nationally and globally.

train the workers. One farmer put this as:

posture related injuries. According to one farmer:

International Labour Organization has given very limited attention to migrant farm workers working conditions, in terms of enforcing legislature to safeguard temporary foreign workers' occupational health and safety, in addition, the host country legislature is poorly applicable to this vulnerable population of workers due to their nature of temporariness and precariousness [32]. My scoping review findings supports that existing situations of neglect and abuse of FSFWs occupational health issues has further exacerbated due to COVID-19 related public health control measures as one NGO participant summed up ""*Because we do not have proper rights,* 

This chapter consisted of findings from three different types of analytical studies, one of which consisted of analysis of online resources available to farmers and workers, the second study brought forward farmers' perspectives, obtained from personal interviews with them; both were conducted according tri-council guidelines after approving by the Dalhousie University Health Sciences ethics review board. Our interview data collection and analysis assured scientific rigor and the research team included three university professors: an experienced qualitative researcher, Canadian occupational health expert researcher and an immigrant health research expert. Findings from the third study, a scoping review of COVID-19 associated health risks for FSFWs were analyzed using online government documents and reports from media investigations. It is customary that media tend to draw attention to negative incidents to raise awareness among authorities. Without carrying out national inventory of all farm related occupational illnesses and injury, generalizability of findings is not warranted. There were common health and justice issues that came from published research on migrant farm workers in Canada and in other geographies that warrant further attention. Even barriers related PPE use and lack of knowledge and training on safe working practices were common across

**6. Recommendations for improvement: farmers and workers suggestions**

Farmers were under the impression that there is always room for improvement. One of the suggestions made was having physiotherapist and massage therapist to

*"Well one thing I've been thinking about on our own farm and maybe in other farms it might apply, or the program in general but give given that a lot of the work the guys do is kind of repetitive motions and things like that. And I was thinking like the physiotherapists or [ergonomist] who can train people you know on good posture and showing them certain exercises you can do every hour or so to sort of you know do minimize carpal tunnel and you know things [repetitive motion injuries] like that."*

Another farmer suggested rotating workers on the same task, within one work shift to avoid repetitive injuries and also to reduce stress of engaging in the task. Another obvious recommendation was to provide training to avoid ergonomic and

*"I'd like to try to get some of that in place, 'cause they you know they, a lot of the work is repetitive physical work and I mean rotating if there's a crew and there's* 

**46**

In summary, this chapter provided an overview of foreign seasonal farmworkers occupational health and safety standards, incidences, and caveats to implementation of policies and regulations. While each author provided compelling and empirically rich observations based on local fields of study, generally lacking are broader global connections and policy discussions about how the problems raised can be meaningfully addressed. Following is a summary of findings.


from farmers' (employer's) opinion about their workers in general as "whinny" and seeking treatments for minor ailments that a typical Canadian would ignore as well as their idea of FSFWs trying to take advantage of the healthcare that are "free", after buying private insurance. Neglect and abuse are interconnected. The form of abuse varies from minor issues such as allowing them to work without taking breaks in harsh weather conditions to serious actions of not allowing the worker to take a shower when toxic materials are sprayed on his eyes by an accident, an incident noted in the literature. COVID-19 related public health controlling measures were imposed in a manner that violated fundamental rights and privileges of this population of workers.

