**Table 4.**

 *Percent distribution of tannery workers who were aware about the health problems involve in tannery work.*

### *Responsiveness of Occupational Health Risk and Preventive Measures Practice by the Workers… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95110*


*1 Chemicals in the air (no exposure, low exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure, very high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No exposure: no contact with agent, agent is used in workplace but is very unlikely to result in exposure to workers involved. [1] Low exposure: infrequent contact with agent at low concentrations, Agent is used in a closed/controlled system; there are no specific activities that enhance exposure; exposure takes place because of presence at the shop floor. [2] Moderate exposure: frequent contact with agent at low concentrations, Agent is used throughout the closed/controlled process and exposure mainly occurs by passive contact; infrequent contact is needed with the agent. [3] High exposure: Frequent contact with agent at high concentrations, Nature of the production process and associated manual activities makes regular contact necessary; agent causes exposure during manual activities and around particular sources such as presses, drums. [4] Very high exposure: Frequent contact with agent at very high concentrations, Agent is used in manual activities that introduce frequent peak exposures such as cleaning, opening a press, spraying paint.*

*2 Dermal exposure to chemicals (no exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No skin contact: no contact with agent. [1] Moderate exposure: infrequent skin contact with agent contact occurs during specific activities that are not part of the daily work routine. [2] High exposure: frequent skin contact with agent regular contact is unavoidable due to particular activities in daily work practice. 3 Another important variable airborne dust (no exposure, low exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure, very high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No exposure: clear visibility. [1] Low exposure: visibility more than 10 m. [2] Moderate exposure: visibility between 5 to 10 m. [3] High exposure: visibility between 1 to 5 m. [4] Very high exposure: visibility less than 1 m.*

*4 Ergonomic stressors (no exposure, low exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure, very high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No exposure: does not occur (< 10% of work time). [1] Low exposure: less than 25% of daily work time. [2] Moderate exposure: 25–49% of daily work time. [3] High exposure: 50–74% of daily work time. [4] Very high exposure: 75% or more of daily work time. Exposure of waste water of chromium (no exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No exposure: no contact with chromium water. [1] Moderate exposure: infrequent contact with chromium water. [2] High exposure: frequent contact with chromium water.*

**89**

**4. Discussion**

**Table 6.**

**Exhaustive fan**

*Responsiveness of Occupational Health Risk and Preventive Measures Practice by the Workers…*

**Dry finishing**

Often 12.5 10.0 6.3 8.5 8.1 23 Sometimes 41.7 50.0 51.7 42.6 48.9 139 Never 45.8 40.0 42.0 48.9 43.0 122

Often 12.5 15.7 9.0 17.0 12.3 35 Sometimes 29.2 48.6 49.0 42.6 46.1 131 Never 58.3 35.7 42.0 40.4 41.6 118

Yes 91.7 90.0 69.2 87.2 79.2 225 No 8.3 10.0 30.8 12.8 20.8 59

Yes 8.3 8.6 9.8 4.3 8.5 24 No 91.7 91.4 90.2 95.7 91.5 260

Yes 87.5 84.3 68.5 72.3 74.7 212 No 12.5 15.7 31.5 27.7 25.3 72

Yes 79.2 84.3 69.2 80.8 75.7 215 No 20.8 15.7 30.8 19.2 24.3 69

Yes 83.3 87.1 78.3 85.1 82.0 233 No 16.7 12.9 21.7 14.9 18.0 51

Yes 62.5 51.4 54.6 53.2 54.2 154 No 37.5 48.6 45.5 46.8 45.8 130

Yes 87.5 98.6 96.5 95.7 96.3 273 No 12.5 1.4 3.5 4.3 3.7 11 **Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 284**

*Percentage of tannery workers who use preventive measures and experienced different environmental* 

**Miscellaneous work**

**Overall Number** 

**(N)**

**Wet finishing**

The results from this study of male tannery workers revealed that the workers were exposed to chemicals, leather dust, which contains chromium, and physical hazards. A substantial proportion of the tannery workers reported awareness of the health risks of the various tanning processes. The physical and cognitive

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95110*

**house**

**Involved in loading and unloading of raw hides manually**

**Involved in loading and unloading of raw hides by trolley**

**Feeling humidity in tannery premises**

**Feeling heat in tannery premises**

**Comfortable with smell of hides**

**Feeling extreme noise in tannery premises**

*conditions in tannery premises by their type of work.*

**Variables Beam** 

**Use of glove**

**Use of mask**

**Table 5.**

*Qualitative measures of environmental exposure by their type of work among the tannery workers.*


*Responsiveness of Occupational Health Risk and Preventive Measures Practice by the Workers… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95110*

#### **Table 6.**

*Occupational Wellbeing*

**Chemicals in the** 

Moderate/ High exposure

Moderate/ High exposure

**Airborne dust3**

Moderate/ High exposure

Moderate/ High exposure

*1*

*2*

*3*

*4*

**Ergonomic stressors4**

**Dermal exposure to chemicals2**

**Air1**

**Beam house**

*peak exposures such as cleaning, opening a press, spraying paint.*

*between 1 to 5 m. [4] Very high exposure: visibility less than 1 m.*

*water. [2] High exposure: frequent contact with chromium water.*

**Wet finishing**

**Dry finishing**

Low exposure 20.8 31.4 37.1 40.4 99

Low exposure 33.3 50.0 49.0 74.5 148

Low exposure 12.5 31.4 29.3 31.9 82

Low exposure 29.2 38.6 32.8 46.8 103

**Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 284**

*Chemicals in the air (no exposure, low exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure, very high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No exposure: no contact with agent, agent is used in workplace but is very unlikely to result in exposure to workers involved. [1] Low exposure: infrequent contact with agent at low concentrations, Agent is used in a closed/controlled system; there are no specific activities that enhance exposure; exposure takes place because of presence at the shop floor. [2] Moderate exposure: frequent contact with agent at low concentrations, Agent is used throughout the closed/controlled process and exposure mainly occurs by passive contact; infrequent contact is needed with the agent. [3] High exposure: Frequent contact with agent at high concentrations, Nature of the production process and associated manual activities makes regular contact necessary; agent causes exposure during manual activities and around particular sources such as presses, drums. [4] Very high exposure: Frequent contact with agent at very high concentrations, Agent is used in manual activities that introduce frequent* 

*Dermal exposure to chemicals (no exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No skin contact: no contact with agent. [1] Moderate exposure: infrequent skin contact with agent contact occurs during specific activities that are not part of the daily work routine. [2] High exposure: frequent skin contact with agent regular contact is unavoidable due to particular activities in daily work practice.*

*Another important variable airborne dust (no exposure, low exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure, very high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No exposure: clear visibility. [1] Low exposure: visibility more than 10 m. [2] Moderate exposure: visibility between 5 to 10 m. [3] High exposure: visibility* 

*Ergonomic stressors (no exposure, low exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure, very high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No exposure: does not occur (< 10% of work time). [1] Low exposure: less than 25% of daily work time. [2] Moderate exposure: 25–49% of daily work time. [3] High exposure: 50–74% of daily work time. [4] Very high exposure: 75% or more of daily work time. Exposure of waste water of chromium (no exposure, moderate exposure, high exposure) was based on qualitative rating of exposure assessment as [0] No exposure: no contact with chromium water. [1] Moderate exposure: infrequent contact with chromium* 

*Qualitative measures of environmental exposure by their type of work among the tannery workers.*

No exposure 25.0 24.3 30.1 17.0 χ2 = 8.09

No exposure 33.3 24.3 32.2 17.0 χ2 = 16.43

No exposure 25.0 21.4 34.3 17.0 χ2 = 12.28

No exposure 20.8 18.6 37.1 19.2 χ2 = 14.15

**Miscellaneous work**

54.2 44.3 32.8 42.6 111

33.4 25.7 18.8 8.5 57

62.5 47.2 36.4 51.1 124

50.0 42.8 30.1 34.0 101

**Chi-square N**

74

79

78

80

p < 0.231

p < 0.012

p < 0.056

p < 0.028

**88**

**Table 5.**

*Percentage of tannery workers who use preventive measures and experienced different environmental conditions in tannery premises by their type of work.*
