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[18] Ahmed ZAM, Dosoki MI, Nasr SAA. Occupational hazards in fish industry. World Journal of Fish and Marine Science. 2012; **4**(2): 201-210.

[19] Breeding DC. What is hazardous? Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved from https://ohsonline. com>2011/07/01

[20] Ford MT, Tetrick LE. Relations among occupational hazards, attitudes and safety performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2011; **16**(1): 48-66.

[21] International Labour Organization - ILO. International Labour Office: Safety and health in agriculture, Published by SafeWork, International Labour Office. 2000; 4, route de Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 22 – Switzerland. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1c16/ dd6ee54584f42c1cbceb5d8cdb471f 6514e2.pdf. Accessed 01/02/2017

[22] Sadullah O, Kanten S. A research on the effect of organizational safety climate upon the safe behaviors. Ege Academic Review. 2009; **9**(3): 923-932.

[23] Mshelia MB, Bassey JU, Wanas NL, Garba U. A review of some potential occupational, environmental hazards and injuries associated with fish production in Nigeria. African Scholar Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology. 2019; **15**(1): 72-88.

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[25] Harwood S. Grant products by topic. 2015. Available at www.osha.gov.

[26] Olaoye OJ, Odebiyi OC, Abimbola OT. Occupational hazards and injuries associated with fish processing in Nigeria. Journal of Aquatic Science. 2015; **3**(1): 1-5. doi: 10.12691/jas-3-1-1.

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[28] Okwu OJ, Yahaya MA, Obinne CPO. Analysis of artisanal fisher folk information needs and accessibility in Benue State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2011;**3**(5):408-413

[29] Baruwa OI, Tijani AA, Adejobi AO. Profitability and constraints to fishery enterprises: A case of artisanal and aquaculture fisheries in Lagos State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 2012;**8**(1):52-58

[30] Olatunji AE, Olah OM. The socioeconomic status of artisanal fishers in Cross River, Cross River State, Nigeria. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences. 2012;**4**(6):672-678. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2012.04.06.668

[31] Olaoye OJ, Ojebiyi WG. Marine fisheries in Nigeria: A review. In: Marine ecology: Biotic and abiotic interactions. Intech Open. 2018; 155-173. http:// dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75032.

[32] Adepegba OB. Improving fish processing and marketing in Nigeria. A paper presented at a National Stakeholders workshop on inland capture fisheries Development, the women development centre, Kaduna. Feb 20-22, 2007. 23 p

**29**

*Occupational Health Hazards Associated with Nigerian Fisheries*

Alhaji T. Short-term prediction of fish production in Nigeria: Empirical study Nigeria fish demand and supply. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research. 2018; **5**(9):

[41] WorldFish. WorldFish Nigeria Strategy: 2018-2022. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. 2018; Strategy: 2018-09.

occupational hazards associated with aquaculture. Journal of Agromedicine.

[43] Dorooshi G. Catfish stings: a report of two cases. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2012; **17**: 578-581.

[44] Karkkainen E. When work becomes a wheeze. World health safety. . 2002;

[45] Oijen MJP. Appendix I. Key to Lake Victoria fishes other than haplochromine cichlids. In: Witte F and van Densen WLT, eds. *Fish Stocks and Fisheries of Lake Victoria. A Handbook for Field Observations*. Dyfed, UK: Samara Publishing Limited;

[46] Ngaruiya FW, Oghendi GM, Mokua MA. Occupational health risks and hazards among the fisherfolk in Kampi Samaki, Lake Baringo, Kenya. Environmental Health Insights. 2019;

[47] Novalbos J, Nogueroles P, Soriguer M, Piniella F. Occupational health in the Andalusian fisheries sector. Occupational Medicine (Lond). 2008;

[48] Kennedy C, Bajdik CD, Willemze R, De Gruijl FR, Bouwes Bavinck JN. The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi, and

[42] Myers ML. Review of

2010;15:412-426.

28-37.

12p.

1995:209-300

**13**: 1-11.

**58**:141-143.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94205*

[33] Ajekigbe JM. Fisheries development in Nigeria: The challenges and prospects of accessing funds. Being lecture presented at the annual public lecture of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria, organized by FISON at Nigerian Institute for International affairs, Victoria Island Lagos Jul 12, 2007. 23 p

[34] Dada BF. Contribution of fisheries to employment national economy and food security in Nigeria. A paper presented by Honourable Minister of State for Agricultural and Rural Development presented at the 2003 FISON Lecture, Lagos Dec 22, 2003. Fish Network a Quarterly Publication of

[35] Moses BS. Tropical Fisheries. Kaduna: Abaam Publishing Co., 2002.

[36] Tunde AB, Kuton MP, Oladipo AA, Olasunkanmi LH. Economic analyze of costs and return of fish farming in Saki-east local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Aquaculture Resources Development.

[37] Nandi AS, Gunn P, Adegboye GA, Barnabas TM. Assessment of fish farmers' livelihood and poverty status in Delta State, Nigeria. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2014;

[38] Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All. Rome.

[39] Olaoye OJ, Ojebiyi WG, Opele AI, Baiyewu AK. Socioeconomic analysis of small scale fish farmers in Ilaro agricultural extension zone of Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2016;**15**(2):64-74

[40] Giwa EJ, Jim-Saiki L, Adeyemo AM, Unah RL, Waniko SN, Ogunbadejo HK,

FISON; 2003. 21 p

2015;**6**(2):306-310

**3**(5):427-433.

2016. 200p

26 p

*Occupational Health Hazards Associated with Nigerian Fisheries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94205*

[33] Ajekigbe JM. Fisheries development in Nigeria: The challenges and prospects of accessing funds. Being lecture presented at the annual public lecture of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria, organized by FISON at Nigerian Institute for International affairs, Victoria Island Lagos Jul 12, 2007. 23 p

*Occupational Wellbeing*

China.

of the second meeting of the WHO Collaborating Centres in Occupational Health, 11-14 October 1994, Beijing,

[24] Erondu ES, Anyanwu PE. Potential hazards and risks associated with the aquaculture industry. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005; **4** (13): 1622-1627.

[25] Harwood S. Grant products by topic. 2015. Available at www.osha.gov.

Abimbola OT. Occupational hazards and injuries associated with fish processing in Nigeria. Journal of Aquatic Science. 2015; **3**(1): 1-5. doi: 10.12691/jas-3-1-1.

[27] IGI Global. *What is fisheries?* 2020. Retrieved from www.igi-global.com on

[28] Okwu OJ, Yahaya MA, Obinne CPO.

[29] Baruwa OI, Tijani AA, Adejobi AO. Profitability and constraints to fishery enterprises: A case of artisanal and aquaculture fisheries in Lagos State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 2012;**8**(1):52-58

[30] Olatunji AE, Olah OM. The socioeconomic status of artisanal fishers in Cross River, Cross River State, Nigeria. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences. 2012;**4**(6):672-678. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2012.04.06.668

[31] Olaoye OJ, Ojebiyi WG. Marine fisheries in Nigeria: A review. In: Marine ecology: Biotic and abiotic interactions. Intech Open. 2018; 155-173. http:// dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75032.

[32] Adepegba OB. Improving fish processing and marketing in Nigeria. A paper presented at a National Stakeholders workshop on inland capture fisheries Development, the women development centre, Kaduna.

Feb 20-22, 2007. 23 p

Analysis of artisanal fisher folk information needs and accessibility in Benue State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.

[26] Olaoye OJ, Odebiyi OC,

August 25, 2020.

2011;**3**(5):408-413

[17] Chandrasekar K. Workplace environment and its impact on organisational performance in public sector organisations. International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business Systems. 2011; **1**(1) Retrieved December 20, 2014 from http://www.

[18] Ahmed ZAM, Dosoki MI, Nasr SAA. Occupational hazards in fish industry. World Journal of Fish and Marine Science. 2012; **4**(2): 201-210.

[19] Breeding DC. What is hazardous? Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved from https://ohsonline.

[20] Ford MT, Tetrick LE. Relations among occupational hazards, attitudes and safety performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2011;

[21] International Labour Organization - ILO. International Labour Office: Safety and health in agriculture, Published by SafeWork, International Labour Office. 2000; 4, route de Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 22 – Switzerland. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1c16/ dd6ee54584f42c1cbceb5d8cdb471f 6514e2.pdf. Accessed 01/02/2017

[22] Sadullah O, Kanten S. A research on the effect of organizational safety climate upon the safe behaviors. Ege Academic Review. 2009; **9**(3): 923-932.

[23] Mshelia MB, Bassey JU, Wanas NL, Garba U. A review of some potential occupational, environmental hazards and injuries associated with fish production in Nigeria. African Scholar Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural

Technology. 2019; **15**(1): 72-88.

ijecbs.com/January2015.

com>2011/07/01

**16**(1): 48-66.

**28**

[34] Dada BF. Contribution of fisheries to employment national economy and food security in Nigeria. A paper presented by Honourable Minister of State for Agricultural and Rural Development presented at the 2003 FISON Lecture, Lagos Dec 22, 2003. Fish Network a Quarterly Publication of FISON; 2003. 21 p

[35] Moses BS. Tropical Fisheries. Kaduna: Abaam Publishing Co., 2002. 26 p

[36] Tunde AB, Kuton MP, Oladipo AA, Olasunkanmi LH. Economic analyze of costs and return of fish farming in Saki-east local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Aquaculture Resources Development. 2015;**6**(2):306-310

[37] Nandi AS, Gunn P, Adegboye GA, Barnabas TM. Assessment of fish farmers' livelihood and poverty status in Delta State, Nigeria. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2014; **3**(5):427-433.

[38] Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All. Rome. 2016. 200p

[39] Olaoye OJ, Ojebiyi WG, Opele AI, Baiyewu AK. Socioeconomic analysis of small scale fish farmers in Ilaro agricultural extension zone of Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2016;**15**(2):64-74

[40] Giwa EJ, Jim-Saiki L, Adeyemo AM, Unah RL, Waniko SN, Ogunbadejo HK,

Alhaji T. Short-term prediction of fish production in Nigeria: Empirical study Nigeria fish demand and supply. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research. 2018; **5**(9): 28-37.

[41] WorldFish. WorldFish Nigeria Strategy: 2018-2022. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. 2018; Strategy: 2018-09.

[42] Myers ML. Review of occupational hazards associated with aquaculture. Journal of Agromedicine. 2010;15:412-426.

[43] Dorooshi G. Catfish stings: a report of two cases. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2012; **17**: 578-581.

[44] Karkkainen E. When work becomes a wheeze. World health safety. . 2002; 12p.

[45] Oijen MJP. Appendix I. Key to Lake Victoria fishes other than haplochromine cichlids. In: Witte F and van Densen WLT, eds. *Fish Stocks and Fisheries of Lake Victoria. A Handbook for Field Observations*. Dyfed, UK: Samara Publishing Limited; 1995:209-300

[46] Ngaruiya FW, Oghendi GM, Mokua MA. Occupational health risks and hazards among the fisherfolk in Kampi Samaki, Lake Baringo, Kenya. Environmental Health Insights. 2019; **13**: 1-11.

[47] Novalbos J, Nogueroles P, Soriguer M, Piniella F. Occupational health in the Andalusian fisheries sector. Occupational Medicine (Lond). 2008; **58**:141-143.

[48] Kennedy C, Bajdik CD, Willemze R, De Gruijl FR, Bouwes Bavinck JN. The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi, and

skin cancer. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003; **120**:1087-1093.

[49] Coups EJ, Manne SL, Heckman CJ. Multiple skin cancer risk behaviors in the US population. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2008; **34**:87-93.

[50] Oyediran W, Sodiya C, Omoare A, Ogbonna C. Effects of Occupational Health Hazards on Artisanal Fish Production in Ogun State, Nigeria. Fish and Ocean Opj. 2017; **3**(2): 001-006.

[51] Adeyeye SAO. Traditional fish processing in Nigeria: a critical review. Nutrition and Food Science. 2016; **46**(3): 321-336.

[52] Myers ML. Aquaculture safety and health: Review. University of Kentucky College of Public Health. Southeast Center for Agricultural Health and Injury Prevention. 2008.

[53] Ezekiel EN, Abowei JFN, Ezekiel EF. Hazard and risk analysis in culture fisheries. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 2011; **3**(10): 1108-1117.

[54] Olaoye OJ, Ojebiyi WG**,** Ogunremi JB, Oose MO, Ojeikhoa OR, Opele AI. Some hazardous practices associated with artisanal fish processing in Ogun Waterside Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture. 2017; **22**(1): 68-77.

[55] Norwegian Labor Inspection Authority. Work environment and safety in aquaculture: Tips for risk assessment and precautionary measures. A booklet (Translated from Norwegian). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Labor Inspection Authority. 2001.

[56] Anh VT, Van der Hock W, Ersboll AK, Vicheth C, Cam PD, Dalsgaard A, Peri-urbam. Aquatic plant culture and skin disease in Phnom Penh

Cambodia. Journal of Water Health. 2009; **7**:302-311.

[57] Trang do T, Moibak K, Cam PD, Dalsgard A. Incidence of and risk factor for skin ailment among farmers working with waste water-fed agriculture in Hawaii, Vietnam*.* Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygien. 2007; **101**:502-510.

[58] Davies RM, Davies OA. Traditional and improved fish processing technologies in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. European Journal of Science Research. 2009; **26**: 539-548.

[59] Adei D, Braimah I, Mensah JV. Occupational health and safety practices among fish processors in Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Occupational Health Science. 2019; **3**: 83-102.

[60] Kolndadacha OD, Musa YM, Okaeme AN, Ibiwoye TII, Nyaku RE. Occupational and environmental hazards associated with fish production. 2015.

[61] Cole DW, Cole R, Gaydos SJ, Gray J, Hyland G, Jacques ML, Powell-Dunford N, Sawhney C, Au WW. Aquaculture: environmental, toxicological and health issues. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2009; **212**: 369-377.

[62] Claussen CB. High accident rates in aquaculture. Gemini. 2011; Accessed on 07.26.2000 at http://www.ntnu.no/ gemini/2000-06e/10.htm.

[63] Moreau DTR, Neis B. Occupational health and safety hazards in Atlantic Canadian aquaculture: Laying the groundwork for prevention. Marine Policy. 2009; **33**: 401-411.

[64] Myers ML. Addressing risks and benefits: emerging technologies assessed for safety and health of farming people. Resource. 2005; **12**: 13-14.

**31**

*Occupational Health Hazards Associated with Nigerian Fisheries*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94205*

[65] Dhakal H, Nayak MG. Occupational

health problems and factors contributing to the problem among fisherwomen. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015; **2**(5): 169-176.

[66] Ibrahim HI, Kigbu AA,

**23**(3): 11-18.

2012; **3**(2): 59-65.

Mohammed R. Women's experiences in small scale fish processing in Lake Feferuwa fishing community, Nassarawa State, Nigeria. Livestock research for Rural Development. 2011;

[67] Olopade OA. The socio-economic of small scale women fish processors around Asejire Dam of Oyo State. Spanish Journal of Rural Development. *Occupational Health Hazards Associated with Nigerian Fisheries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94205*

[65] Dhakal H, Nayak MG. Occupational health problems and factors contributing to the problem among fisherwomen. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015; **2**(5): 169-176.

*Occupational Wellbeing*

skin cancer. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003; **120**:1087-1093.

Cambodia. Journal of Water Health.

[57] Trang do T, Moibak K, Cam PD, Dalsgard A. Incidence of and risk factor for skin ailment among farmers working with waste water-fed agriculture in Hawaii, Vietnam*.* Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and

[58] Davies RM, Davies OA. Traditional

technologies in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. European Journal of Science Research.

[59] Adei D, Braimah I, Mensah JV. Occupational health and safety practices among fish processors in Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Occupational Health Science. 2019; **3**:

[60] Kolndadacha OD, Musa YM, Okaeme AN, Ibiwoye TII, Nyaku RE. Occupational and environmental hazards associated with fish production.

[61] Cole DW, Cole R, Gaydos SJ, Gray J, Hyland G, Jacques ML,

2009; **212**: 369-377.

gemini/2000-06e/10.htm.

Policy. 2009; **33**: 401-411.

Resource. 2005; **12**: 13-14.

Powell-Dunford N, Sawhney C, Au WW. Aquaculture: environmental, toxicological and health issues. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.

[62] Claussen CB. High accident rates in aquaculture. Gemini. 2011; Accessed on 07.26.2000 at http://www.ntnu.no/

[63] Moreau DTR, Neis B. Occupational health and safety hazards in Atlantic Canadian aquaculture: Laying the groundwork for prevention. Marine

[64] Myers ML. Addressing risks and benefits: emerging technologies assessed for safety and health of farming people.

Hygien. 2007; **101**:502-510.

and improved fish processing

2009; **26**: 539-548.

83-102.

2015.

2009; **7**:302-311.

[49] Coups EJ, Manne SL, Heckman CJ. Multiple skin cancer risk behaviors in the US population. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2008; **34**:87-93.

[50] Oyediran W, Sodiya C, Omoare A, Ogbonna C. Effects of Occupational Health Hazards on Artisanal Fish Production in Ogun State, Nigeria. Fish and Ocean Opj. 2017; **3**(2): 001-006.

[51] Adeyeye SAO. Traditional fish processing in Nigeria: a critical review. Nutrition and Food Science. 2016;

[52] Myers ML. Aquaculture safety and health: Review. University of Kentucky College of Public Health. Southeast Center for Agricultural Health and

[53] Ezekiel EN, Abowei JFN, Ezekiel EF. Hazard and risk analysis in culture fisheries. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology.

Ogunremi JB, Oose MO, Ojeikhoa OR, Opele AI. Some hazardous practices associated with artisanal fish processing in Ogun Waterside Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture. 2017; **22**(1):

**46**(3): 321-336.

Injury Prevention. 2008.

2011; **3**(10): 1108-1117.

[54] Olaoye OJ, Ojebiyi WG**,**

[55] Norwegian Labor Inspection Authority. Work environment and safety in aquaculture: Tips for risk assessment and precautionary

[56] Anh VT, Van der Hock W, Ersboll AK, Vicheth C, Cam PD,

measures. A booklet (Translated from Norwegian). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Labor Inspection Authority.

Dalsgaard A, Peri-urbam. Aquatic plant culture and skin disease in Phnom Penh

**30**

68-77.

2001.

[66] Ibrahim HI, Kigbu AA, Mohammed R. Women's experiences in small scale fish processing in Lake Feferuwa fishing community, Nassarawa State, Nigeria. Livestock research for Rural Development. 2011; **23**(3): 11-18.

[67] Olopade OA. The socio-economic of small scale women fish processors around Asejire Dam of Oyo State. Spanish Journal of Rural Development. 2012; **3**(2): 59-65.

**33**

**Chapter 3**

**Abstract**

Occupational Health and Safety

Standards of Foreign Seasonal

Personal Protection Measures,

Health and safety standards are paramount to all agricultural workers and more so to the foreign seasonal farm workers. European, North American and Oceanic agricultural sector heavily depends on the foreign workers migrating temporarily to carryout seasonal agricultural work that are not attractive to local citizens. The aim of this chapter is to critically analyze existing workplace health and safety measures, policies and practices of Foreign agricultural workers with a secondary focus on Canadian public health standards that applies to COVID-19 pandemic control and beyond. During the pandemic, many countries opened international labour migration as a measure of economic recovery. Recent news media reported two Caribbean workers in the Canadian Agricultural sector, had died of COVID-19 complications. The basis of this chapter is the research based evidence that the author carried out on occupational health and safety standards of the population of foreign seasonal farm workers using a multi-method data collection: a scoping review of existing standards, policies and practices and personal interviews with seasonal agricultural workers and their employers. This chapter provides a critical analysis of data from multiple sources and from multiple jurisdictions to uncover gaps and malpractices of existing occupational health and safety practice standards

Farm Workers: Evaluation of

for illness and injury prevention of foreign seasonal farm workers.

**Keywords:** foreign seasonal farm workers, farmers, workers' and NGO perspectives, agriculture work related health and safety, public health measures of COVID-19,

There is a decade long worldwide trend of labour migration from the developing and underdeveloped countries to the developed countries. European, North American, and Oceanic agricultural sectors heavily depend on the foreign workers, migrating temporarily to carryout seasonal agricultural work that are not attractive to local citizens. Long work hours, low pay, hard work and hazardous work environments makes the agricultural sector unattractive to local labour force. Seasonal agricultural

Policies and Practices

*Swarna Weerasinghe*

illness and injury prevention

**1. Introduction**
