**2. Methodology**

The objective of seeking for recent articles related to ergonomic evaluation of occupational hazard of Indian agriculture farm and allied activities the common search engines of Google Scholar, Scopus PubMed and Science Direct were used. Once we were identifying a study, we made a methodical survey within the web site of the journal during which the study was published with the intention of detecting further studies. All the co-authors discussed on the content of the chosen papers and a few of them were excluded, because they did not meet a minimum of one among the inclusion criteria described below. Evaluating the methodology of the selected studies is a key step in carrying out and interpreting systematic literature reviews related to objective of study. Moreover, the literatures, reports and documents associated with this study are reviewed because the references to testify the knowledge we obtained and selected up.

While collecting the data; particular attention was given to the selection of respondent on physical fitness and prevalence of any serious health hazard. The

**55**

*A Review of Ergonomic Evaluation of Occupational Hazard of Indian Agriculture Farm…*

anthropometer and weighing balance were used to measure the physical characteristics like height and weight. The grading of health status of women was done based on Body Mass Index. The BMI scores were interpreted as per the classification given by [10]. Stopwatch was used for recording the time determined for the farm women. The heart rate was recorded by using the heart rate monitor sphygmomanometer (Digital), based on the heart rate records, the following parameters were calculated. The results were statistically analyzed using test of significance (t- test at 5% level of probability) and simple regression (r) by the method proposed by [11]. For calculation of Energy Expenditure Rate from heart rate [12]. The cardiac cost of work is the total number of heart beats spent about the resting level in order to perform the work, The cardiac cost of revitalization is the total number of heart beats above the resting level occurring at the termination of work and return to the

1.Average heart rate during rest and work. Measured by (Digital)

2.The energy expenditure per minute was estimated from the heart rate with the help of formula Energy expenditure (kJ/min) = (0.0114 x WHR – 0.68) 20.93

3.∆HR (beats/min) = Average working heart rate – average heart rate during rest

The prevalence of musculoskeletal problems among agricultural workers were found using Psychophysical techniques developed by [14] 'Body Map' technique was used to determine musculoskeletal problems and Body Part Discomfort Score (BPDS) and Visual Analogue Discomfort (VAD) scale was used to assess Overall Discomfort Score (ODR) of the respondents while performing different agricultural activities. Taken as a whole, the Visual Analogue Discomfort (VAD) Scale was also employed to determine this discomfort score, which ranges from 0 to 10 for determining the level of discomfort with 10 being the highest level of while 0 indicating none. This tool emphasizes discomfort and not necessarily the pain felt. Since this method follows a ten-point scale, it is also more suitable for Indian workers due to ease of understanding. Discomfort Rating Scale 0: No discomfort 1–3: Light discomfort <3–5: Moderate discomfort <5–7: More than moderate discomfort

Nature and extent of the involvement of women folk vary significantly from one region to another and even within a region. They take part largely in as many as 11 family operations out of total 17. While ploughing remains much male-dominated, women heavily involve themselves in activities like sowing/transplanting (86%), weeding (84%), storage of grains (78%), land preparation (72%), cleaning seeds for sowing (70%), gap filling (68%), manure and fertilizer application (68%),

(∆HR/Output) – T<sup>2</sup>


(∆HR/Output)

) x 100/ CCW T<sup>1</sup>

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98705*

pre activity state [13].

x 100/ T1

sphygmomanometer.

4.Output (Kg/h) = yield/average time

5.Physiological cost reduction (%) = T1

6.Cardiac cost reduction (%) = (CCW T<sup>1</sup>

<7–9: High discomfort <9–10: Extreme discomfort.

**and allied activities**

**3. Extent of participation of women in agriculture farm** 

*A Review of Ergonomic Evaluation of Occupational Hazard of Indian Agriculture Farm… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98705*

anthropometer and weighing balance were used to measure the physical characteristics like height and weight. The grading of health status of women was done based on Body Mass Index. The BMI scores were interpreted as per the classification given by [10]. Stopwatch was used for recording the time determined for the farm women. The heart rate was recorded by using the heart rate monitor sphygmomanometer (Digital), based on the heart rate records, the following parameters were calculated. The results were statistically analyzed using test of significance (t- test at 5% level of probability) and simple regression (r) by the method proposed by [11]. For calculation of Energy Expenditure Rate from heart rate [12]. The cardiac cost of work is the total number of heart beats spent about the resting level in order to perform the work, The cardiac cost of revitalization is the total number of heart beats above the resting level occurring at the termination of work and return to the pre activity state [13].


The prevalence of musculoskeletal problems among agricultural workers were found using Psychophysical techniques developed by [14] 'Body Map' technique was used to determine musculoskeletal problems and Body Part Discomfort Score (BPDS) and Visual Analogue Discomfort (VAD) scale was used to assess Overall Discomfort Score (ODR) of the respondents while performing different agricultural activities. Taken as a whole, the Visual Analogue Discomfort (VAD) Scale was also employed to determine this discomfort score, which ranges from 0 to 10 for determining the level of discomfort with 10 being the highest level of while 0 indicating none. This tool emphasizes discomfort and not necessarily the pain felt. Since this method follows a ten-point scale, it is also more suitable for Indian workers due to ease of understanding. Discomfort Rating Scale 0: No discomfort 1–3: Light discomfort <3–5: Moderate discomfort <5–7: More than moderate discomfort <7–9: High discomfort <9–10: Extreme discomfort.
