Preface

Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases in the history of the world. This vector-borne disease has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Like most tropical diseases, this parasitic disease is strongly associated with environmental and social conditions along with other factors whose improvement leads to a reduction in the disease. This effect has been observed in multiple countries where the development and control of the disease have resulted in the reduction and outright elimination of malaria, as evidenced in El Salvador and Argentina [1–16]. Conversely, adverse or poor environmental and social conditions may trigger reemergence, persistence, and an increase in diseases like malaria, as is the unfortunate situation in Venezuela. This once rich country is now the worst economy of South America and is witnessing the reemergence of multiple vector-borne diseases, especially malaria, as well as vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and yellow fever, among others [17–20].

Keeping these issues in mind, this book presents research and clinical topics related to malaria elimination in the world. The book's fifteen chapters are organized in four major sections: "Advances in Diagnosis"; "Epidemiology and Surveillance"; "Policy and Prevention"; and "Prevention, Vector Control and Vaccines."

Commissioning of this book by IntechOpen is related in part to my long commitment to vector-borne, zoonotic, and neglected tropical diseases. I am co-chair of the Working Group on Zoonoses of the International Society for Chemotherapy (WGZ-ISC), as well as of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (Asociación Colombiana de Infectología; ACIN). Since January 2016, I have also been the chair of the Colombian Collaborative Network of Research on Zika (Red Colombiana de Colaboración en Zika; RECOLZIKA). RECOLZIKA has contributed in many ways to the research on Zika in Colombia and other countries in Latin America, including research on congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome, among other clinical consequences of this arboviral disease.

I have been involved in tropical diseases for the last two decades, including not only malaria but also leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue, and since 2014, chikungunya and emerging arboviruses, such as Zika and Mayaro. Since moving from Venezuela to Colombia in 2011, I have been involved in research of tropical diseases in Risaralda. Part of all this is a clear reflection of the work impulse at the Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, directed by Dr. Guillermo Javier Lagos-Grisales. Dr. Lagos-Grisales is not just a partner, a colleague, and a friend, but also an extreme believer in our work in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. I must also recognize the beginning of significant collaboration with Dr. Wilmer Ernesto Villamil-Gómez, whom I met in Cartagena in 2013 during the Colombian Congress of Infectious Diseases. He is also part of the former Committee of Zoonoses and Hemorrhagic Fevers of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, ACIN), now called Committee of Zoonoses and Tropical Medicine. Dr. Villamil-Gómez is my most important collaborator on arboviruses, including Zika and malaria. In addition, since 2002 I have been involved in tropical medicine and travel medicine, participating in multiple studies on malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and other tropical diseases. Currently in Colombia, we continue studying most of them, including their assessment in internally displaced populations.

Finally, I hope our readers enjoy this publication as much as I enjoyed putting it

MD, MSc, DTM&H, DipEd, FRSTMH(Lon), FFTM RCPS(Glasg), FACE, FISAC,

Senior Researcher, Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine,

Chair, Grupo de Colaboración en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores y

Co-Chair, Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society

Member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine,

Vicepresident, Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN)

President, Committee on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious

**Prof. Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales**

Lecturer, Universidad Científica del Sur,

Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Zoonóticas de Risaralda (GETZ), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, ACIN

for Chemotherapy (ISC)

Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas,

HonDSc

Lima, Peru

Diseases.

together with my talented and knowledgeable collaborators.

Following the same philosophy we used for my ten previous books with IntechOpen [21–29], this book is not intended to be an exhaustive compilation. Many related topics are covered in a previous book, Current Topics in Malaria [24]; however, this updated book presents complementary topics in chapters written by new contributors with new perspectives.

I would like to give a very special thanks to IntechOpen, particularly Author Service Managers Mateo Pulko and Maja Bozicevic and Commissioning Editor Andrea Koric for the opportunity to edit this interesting and important book, as well for their constant support.

I want to take the appropriate time and space to dedicate this book to my beloved family distributed geographically among Venezuela, Chile, and Colombia (Aurora, Alfonso José, Alejandro, and Andrea, the neurologist). Katterine, my fiancé, makes every day special. I love her more than anything and I am happy to have her lovely existence in my life. I love you more and more every day.

I would also like to extend thanks to my friends and my undergraduate and postgraduate students in Colombia, Venezuela, and Latin America. Thanks also go to my colleagues at the Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society for Chemotherapy, and the Committee on Zoonoses, Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine and a large list of members of RECOLZIKA (www. RECOLZIKA.org). Special thanks again to my friend and colleague Dr. Lagos-Grisales. Members of our research group and incubator consist of young and enthusiastic medical students, some veterinary medical students, and young medical doctors, all of whom are pursuing significant improvements in the understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic, vector-borne, parasitic, and infectious diseases. The idea for this book came in 2019, but in 2020, we faced the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected multiple life processes including the development of this book. In light of this new pathogen, we created the LANCOVID network for research and collaboration (www.LANCOVID.org). In 2019, I also began to work at the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia, a new "home" that brings me support and trust in my new endeavors in research and teaching. I have to give special thanks in that order to Drs. Maria Monica Murillo, our dean at the Faculty of Medicine, as well as to our School of Medicine Director Dr. Jaime Cardona-Ospina, a long-time friend and fellow.

Finally, I hope our readers enjoy this publication as much as I enjoyed putting it together with my talented and knowledgeable collaborators.

#### **Prof. Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales**

MD, MSc, DTM&H, DipEd, FRSTMH(Lon), FFTM RCPS(Glasg), FACE, FISAC, HonDSc Senior Researcher, Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

> Lecturer, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru

Chair, Grupo de Colaboración en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores y Zoonóticas de Risaralda (GETZ), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia

> Co-Chair, Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society for Chemotherapy (ISC)

Vicepresident, Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN)

Member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, ACIN

President, Committee on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases.

**VI**

but also an extreme believer in our work in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. I must also recognize the beginning of significant collaboration with Dr. Wilmer Ernesto Villamil-Gómez, whom I met in Cartagena in 2013 during the Colombian Congress of Infectious Diseases. He is also part of the former Committee of Zoonoses and Hemorrhagic Fevers of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, ACIN), now called Committee of Zoonoses and Tropical Medicine. Dr. Villamil-Gómez is my most important collaborator on arboviruses, including Zika and malaria. In addition, since 2002 I have been involved in tropical medicine and travel medicine, participating in multiple studies on malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and other tropical diseases. Currently in Colombia, we continue studying most of them, including

Following the same philosophy we used for my ten previous books with IntechOpen [21–29], this book is not intended to be an exhaustive compilation. Many related topics are covered in a previous book, Current Topics in Malaria [24]; however, this updated book presents complementary topics in chapters written by new contribu-

I would like to give a very special thanks to IntechOpen, particularly Author Service Managers Mateo Pulko and Maja Bozicevic and Commissioning Editor Andrea Koric for the opportunity to edit this interesting and important book, as well for

I want to take the appropriate time and space to dedicate this book to my beloved family distributed geographically among Venezuela, Chile, and Colombia (Aurora, Alfonso José, Alejandro, and Andrea, the neurologist). Katterine, my fiancé, makes every day special. I love her more than anything and I am happy to have her lovely

I would also like to extend thanks to my friends and my undergraduate and postgraduate students in Colombia, Venezuela, and Latin America. Thanks also go to my colleagues at the Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society for Chemotherapy, and the Committee on Zoonoses, Tropical Medicine

and Travel Medicine and a large list of members of RECOLZIKA (www. RECOLZIKA.org). Special thanks again to my friend and colleague Dr. Lagos-Grisales. Members of our research group and incubator consist of young and enthusiastic medical students, some veterinary medical students, and young medical doctors, all of whom are pursuing significant improvements in the understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic, vector-borne, parasitic, and infectious diseases. The idea for this book came in 2019, but in 2020, we faced the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected multiple life processes including the development of this book. In light of this new pathogen, we created the LANCOVID network for research and collaboration (www.LANCOVID.org). In 2019, I also began to work at the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia, a new "home" that brings me support and trust in my new endeavors in research and teaching. I have to give special thanks in that order to Drs. Maria Monica Murillo, our dean at the Faculty of Medicine, as well as to our School of Medicine Director Dr. Jaime Cardona-

their assessment in internally displaced populations.

existence in my life. I love you more and more every day.

Ospina, a long-time friend and fellow.

tors with new perspectives.

their constant support.

#### **References**

[1] Mihreteab S, Lubinda J, Zhao B, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Karamehic-Muratovic A, Goitom A, Shad MY, Haque U. Retrospective data analyses of social and environmental determinants of malaria control for elimination prospects in Eritrea. Parasit Vectors. 2020 Mar 12;13(1):126. doi: 10.1186/ s13071-020-3974-x.

[2] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Suárez JA, Risquez A, Cimerman S, Valero-Cedeño N, Cabrera M, Grobusch MP, Paniz-Mondolfi A. In the eye of the storm: Infectious disease challenges for border countries receiving Venezuelan migrants. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019 Jul-Aug;30:4-6. doi: 10.1016/j. tmaid.2019.05.014.

[3] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Suárez JA, Risquez A, Villamil-Gómez WE, Paniz-Mondolfi A. Consequences of Venezuela's massive migration crisis on imported malaria in Colombia, 2016-2018. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019 Mar-Apr;28:98-99.

[4] Grobusch MP, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Schlagenhauf P. The Primaquine Problem-and the Solution? Point-of-care Diagnostics for Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Sep 27;69(8):1443-1445.

[5] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Suárez JA, Risquez A, Delgado-Noguera L, Paniz-Mondolfi A. The current syndemic in Venezuela: Measles, malaria and more co-infections coupled with a breakdown of social and healthcare infrastructure. Quo vadis? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019 Jan-Feb;27:5-8. doi: 10.1016/j. tmaid.2018.10.010.

[6] Franco-Herrera D, González-Ocampo D, Restrepo-Montoya V, Gómez-Guevara JE, Alvear-Villacorte N, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Relationship between malaria epidemiology and the human development index in Colombia and Latin America. Infez Med. 2018 Sep 1;26(3):255-262. PMID: 30246769.

[7] Chowdhury FR, Ibrahim QSU, Bari MS, Alam MMJ, Dunachie SJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Patwary MI. The association between temperature, rainfall and humidity with common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2018 Jun 21;13(6):e0199579. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0199579. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2020 Apr 21;15(4):e0232285.

[8] Faccini-Martínez ÁA, Pérez-Díaz CE, Botero-García CA, Benítez-Baracaldo FC, Rodríguez-López AE, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Role of the blood smear in febrile returning travelers: Beyond malaria. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2016 Sep-Oct;14(5):515-516.

[9] Medina-Morales DA, Montoya-Franco E, Sanchez-Aristizabal VD, Machado-Alba JE, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Severe and benign Plasmodium vivax malaria in Emberá (Amerindian) children and adolescents from an endemic municipality in Western Colombia. J Infect Public Health. 2016 Mar-Apr;9(2):172-80. doi: 10.1016/j. jiph.2015.09.001.

[10] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Orrego-Acevedo CA, Zambrano-Muñoz Y, García-Folleco FJ, Herrera-Giraldo AC, Lozada-Riascos CO. Mapping malaria in municipalities of the Coffee Triangle region of Colombia using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). J Infect Public Health. 2015 Nov-Dec;8(6):603-11. doi: 10.1016/j. jiph.2015.05.011. Epub 2015 Jun 20. PMID: 26106039.

[11] Munoz-Urbano M, Lopez-Isaza AF, Hurtado-Hurtado N, Gomez-Suta D, Murillo-Abadia J, Delgado-Osorio N, Lagos-Grisales GJ, Villegas S,

**IX**

Medina-Morales DA, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Scientific research in malaria: bibliometric assessment of the Latin-American contributions. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2014;9(3):209-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891x [18] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Benítez JA, Arria M. Malaria mortality in Venezuela: focus on deaths due to Plasmodium vivax in children. J Trop Pediatr. 2008 Apr;54(2):94-101. doi: 10.1093/tropej/

[19] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Sánchez E, Vargas M, Piccolo C, Colina R, Arria M. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in children with Plasmodium vivax malaria. J Trop Pediatr. 2006 Feb;52(1):49-51. doi: 10.1093/tropej/

[20] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Tropical Medicine. ISBN 978-953-51-0274-8. InTech, Croatia, March 2012. Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-tropical-medicine

[21] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Public Health. ISBN 978-953-51-1121-4. InTech, Croatia, May 2013. Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-public-health

[22] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Echinococcosis. ISBN 978-953-51-2159-6. InTech, Croatia, September 2015. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-echinococcosis

[23] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Chikungunya. ISBN 978-953-51-2595-2. InTech, Croatia, August 2016. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-chikungunya

[24] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Malaria. ISBN 978-953-51-2790-1. InTech, Croatia, November 2016. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-malaria

[25] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Giardiasis. ISBN

fmm074.

fmi069.

[12] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Paniz-Mondolfi AE. Venezuela's failure in malaria control. Lancet. 2014 Aug 23;384(9944):663-4. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(14)61389-1. PMID:

[13] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Giselle-Badillo A, Manrique-Castaño S, Yepes MC. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in Plasmodium vivax malaria is not unusual in patients from endemic and non-endemic settings. Travel Med Infect

Dis. 2014 Sep-Oct;12(5):549-50.

Aug;28(2):339-42.

[14] Oróstegui-Pinilla D, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Neonatal Plasmodium vivax malaria. Trop Biomed. 2011

[15] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Ferrer MV, Barrera MA, Pacheco M, Daza V, Franco-Paredes C. Imported cases of malaria admitted to two hospitals of Margarita Island, Venezuela, 1998-2005. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2009 Jan;7(1):44- 8. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.09.006.

[16] Rifakis PM, Hernandez O,

bilateral hydronephrosis, severe thrombocytopenia, and hypotension. J Travel Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;15(2):119-21.

10.1186/1475-2875-6-166.

Fernández CT, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Von A, Franco-Paredes C. Atypical Plasmodium vivax malaria in a traveler:

[17] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Sánchez E, Arria M, Vargas M, Piccolo C, Colina R, Franco-Paredes C. Haemoglobin and haematocrit: the threefold conversion is also non valid for assessing anaemia in Plasmodium vivax malaria-endemic settings. Malar J. 2007 Dec 17;6:166. doi:

10666150410165038.

25152269.

Medina-Morales DA, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Scientific research in malaria: bibliometric assessment of the Latin-American contributions. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2014;9(3):209-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891x 10666150410165038.

[12] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Paniz-Mondolfi AE. Venezuela's failure in malaria control. Lancet. 2014 Aug 23;384(9944):663-4. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(14)61389-1. PMID: 25152269.

[13] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Giselle-Badillo A, Manrique-Castaño S, Yepes MC. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in Plasmodium vivax malaria is not unusual in patients from endemic and non-endemic settings. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014 Sep-Oct;12(5):549-50.

[14] Oróstegui-Pinilla D, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Neonatal Plasmodium vivax malaria. Trop Biomed. 2011 Aug;28(2):339-42.

[15] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Ferrer MV, Barrera MA, Pacheco M, Daza V, Franco-Paredes C. Imported cases of malaria admitted to two hospitals of Margarita Island, Venezuela, 1998-2005. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2009 Jan;7(1):44- 8. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.09.006.

[16] Rifakis PM, Hernandez O, Fernández CT, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Von A, Franco-Paredes C. Atypical Plasmodium vivax malaria in a traveler: bilateral hydronephrosis, severe thrombocytopenia, and hypotension. J Travel Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;15(2):119-21.

[17] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Sánchez E, Arria M, Vargas M, Piccolo C, Colina R, Franco-Paredes C. Haemoglobin and haematocrit: the threefold conversion is also non valid for assessing anaemia in Plasmodium vivax malaria-endemic settings. Malar J. 2007 Dec 17;6:166. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-166.

[18] Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Benítez JA, Arria M. Malaria mortality in Venezuela: focus on deaths due to Plasmodium vivax in children. J Trop Pediatr. 2008 Apr;54(2):94-101. doi: 10.1093/tropej/ fmm074.

[19] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Sánchez E, Vargas M, Piccolo C, Colina R, Arria M. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in children with Plasmodium vivax malaria. J Trop Pediatr. 2006 Feb;52(1):49-51. doi: 10.1093/tropej/ fmi069.

[20] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Tropical Medicine. ISBN 978-953-51-0274-8. InTech, Croatia, March 2012. Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-tropical-medicine

[21] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Public Health. ISBN 978-953-51-1121-4. InTech, Croatia, May 2013. Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-public-health

[22] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Echinococcosis. ISBN 978-953-51-2159-6. InTech, Croatia, September 2015. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-echinococcosis

[23] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Chikungunya. ISBN 978-953-51-2595-2. InTech, Croatia, August 2016. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-chikungunya

[24] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Malaria. ISBN 978-953-51-2790-1. InTech, Croatia, November 2016. http:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-topics-in-malaria

[25] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Giardiasis. ISBN

**VIII**

[1] Mihreteab S, Lubinda J, Zhao B, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Karamehic-Muratovic A, Goitom A, Shad MY, Haque U. Retrospective data analyses of social and environmental determinants of malaria control for elimination prospects in Eritrea. Parasit Vectors. 2020 Mar 12;13(1):126. doi: 10.1186/

human development index in Colombia and Latin America. Infez Med. 2018 Sep 1;26(3):255-262. PMID: 30246769.

[7] Chowdhury FR, Ibrahim QSU, Bari MS, Alam MMJ, Dunachie SJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Patwary MI. The association between temperature, rainfall and humidity with common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2018 Jun 21;13(6):e0199579. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0199579. Erratum in: PLoS One.

2020 Apr 21;15(4):e0232285.

2016 Sep-Oct;14(5):515-516.

jiph.2015.09.001.

PMID: 26106039.

[9] Medina-Morales DA, Montoya-Franco E, Sanchez-Aristizabal VD, Machado-Alba JE, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Severe and benign Plasmodium vivax malaria in Emberá (Amerindian) children and adolescents from an endemic municipality in Western Colombia. J Infect Public Health. 2016 Mar-Apr;9(2):172-80. doi: 10.1016/j.

[10] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Orrego-Acevedo CA, Zambrano-Muñoz Y, García-Folleco FJ, Herrera-Giraldo AC, Lozada-Riascos CO. Mapping malaria in municipalities of the Coffee Triangle region of Colombia using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). J Infect Public Health. 2015 Nov-Dec;8(6):603-11. doi: 10.1016/j. jiph.2015.05.011. Epub 2015 Jun 20.

[11] Munoz-Urbano M, Lopez-Isaza AF, Hurtado-Hurtado N, Gomez-Suta D, Murillo-Abadia J, Delgado-Osorio N, Lagos-Grisales GJ, Villegas S,

[8] Faccini-Martínez ÁA, Pérez-Díaz CE, Botero-García CA, Benítez-Baracaldo FC, Rodríguez-López AE, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Role of the blood smear in febrile returning travelers: Beyond malaria. Travel Med Infect Dis.

[2] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Suárez JA, Risquez A, Cimerman S, Valero-Cedeño N, Cabrera M, Grobusch MP, Paniz-Mondolfi A. In the eye of the storm: Infectious disease challenges for border countries receiving Venezuelan migrants. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019 Jul-Aug;30:4-6. doi: 10.1016/j.

[3] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Suárez JA, Risquez A, Villamil-Gómez WE, Paniz-Mondolfi A. Consequences of Venezuela's massive migration crisis on imported malaria in Colombia, 2016-2018. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019

[4] Grobusch MP, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Schlagenhauf P. The Primaquine Problem-and the Solution? Point-of-care Diagnostics for Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Sep 27;69(8):1443-1445.

[5] Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Suárez JA, Risquez A, Delgado-Noguera L, Paniz-Mondolfi A. The current syndemic in Venezuela: Measles, malaria and more co-infections coupled with a breakdown of social and healthcare infrastructure. Quo vadis? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019 Jan-Feb;27:5-8. doi: 10.1016/j.

s13071-020-3974-x.

**References**

tmaid.2019.05.014.

Mar-Apr;28:98-99.

tmaid.2018.10.010.

[6] Franco-Herrera D, González-Ocampo D, Restrepo-Montoya V, Gómez-Guevara JE, Alvear-Villacorte N, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Relationship between malaria epidemiology and the 978-953-51-5260-6. InTech, Croatia, December 2017. http://www.intechopen. com/books/current-topics-in-giardiasis

[26] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Zika. ISBN 978-1- 78923-271-4. InTech, United Kingdom, June 2018. https://www.intechopen. com/books/current-topics-in-zika

[27] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine. ISBN 978-1-78984-824-3. InTech, United Kingdom, December 2018. https://www. intechopen.com/books/current-topicsin-tropical-emerging-diseases-andtravel-medicine

[28] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases. ISBN 978-1-78923-890-7. InTech, United Kingdom, December 2019. Available at: https://www. intechopen.com/books/current-topicsin-neglected-tropical-diseases

[29] Rodriguez-Morales AJ. (Editor). Current Concepts in Zika Research. ISBN 978-1-83880- 876-1. InTech, United Kingdom, February 2021. Available at: https:// www.intechopen.com/books/ current-concepts-in-zika-research

**1**

Section 1

Advances in Diagnosis

Section 1
