**6.1 NSAIDs, plant extracts, and nanoparticles as therapeutic agent**

Aqib et al. [58] conducted a study to check the antibacterial of NSAIDs, plant extracts and nanoparticles against mecA positve *S. aureus*. Zinc oxide particles ZnO and Zn (OH) 2 were synthesized by the sorbothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), calcination and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Plant extracts were produced by the Soxhlet extraction method. The study showed that 34% (n = 200) of subclinical samples obtained from *Staphylococcus aureus* milk were significantly (*p < 0.05*) associated with suspicious risk factors and pathogens. Antibacterial studies have shown that *Staphylococcus aureus* is 55, 42, 41 and 41% resistant to oxacillin, siroxacin, streptomycin and enoxacin, respectively. Amoxicillin showed higher zone of inhibition increase at 100 mg of *Calotropis procera* extract (31.29%), followed by 1 mg/ml (28.91%) and 10 mg/ml (21.68%) eucalyptus. The combination of amoxicillin with diclofenac, aspirin, ibuprofen and meloxicam up to 500 μg/ml increases the ZOI by 42.85, 37.32, 29.05 and 22.78%, respectively. The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) shows the synergistic effects of amoxicillin with diclofenac and aspirin, as well as with ibuprofen and meloxicam. Preliminary studies of the combination of micro-particles and amoxicillin in vitro have been found synergistic. In combination with zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide, the ZOI of amoxicillin increases by 26.74% and 14.85%, respectively. NSAIDs, herbal extracts and micro-particles immediately focused on the regulatory resistance of the pathogenic *Staphylococcus aureus* to explore alternative sources of antibacterial agents.
