**4.** *S. aureus***-EVs functions**

First considered "trash bags" to remove unwanted molecules from cells, nowadays, it is well-established that EVs play essential roles for bacterial fitness. Several described biological functions of OMVs and EVs include offensive and defensive mechanisms, such as quorum sensing, competition, delivery of toxins, resistance to antibiotics, horizontal DNA transfer, and transfer of regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), which can hijack the host immune response altering host-pathogen interactions. *S aureus* EVs were shown to participate in several metabolic and infectious processes, exhibiting several functions (**Table 1**).
