**4.2 Facial transplant**

Facial defects caused by congenital malformations, gunshot injuries, animal bites, burns, traumas, or tumors such as neurofibromatosis cause serious functional and esthetic disorders, psychological and social problems. Basic requirements for a successful face transplant are craniofacial and microsurgical techniques, triple immunosuppression therapy, intensive physical therapy, and psychological support initiated in the early postoperative period for functions such as smelling, eating, drinking, laughing and speaking. In surgery, maxillary and facial branches of the external carotid artery are used for arterial anastomoses. Facial, external jugular and thyrolingofacial veins are preferred for venous anastomoses. Vascular anastomoses are followed by nerve anastomoses. The most problematic aspects of surgery are prolonged anesthesia, excessive blood loss, and transfusions to replace this loss, complex vascular anatomy due to trauma and changes related to previous reconstructive surgeries [13].

Since the surgical experience with facial transplantation is limited, there are no algorithms on long-term results, late complications and their management. In a study conducted to clarify these issues and to get the opinions of physicians experienced in face transplantation, the training of the recipient, how to define the
