**4.1 Urinalysis**

e. There have been advances in risk scoring, screening methods and more convenient methods of blood testing using HbA1c in non-fasting state

early enough and a wider range of treatments for glycaemia and its

complications

of CVD in T2DM

health importance of the condition

*Type 2 Diabetes - From Pathophysiology to Cyber Systems*

and/or pharmacologic interventions.

no advantage after screening for diabetes

**type 2 DM and their views are**

management

cardiovascular risk

opportunistic screening

systems and society in general [18].

**116**

**3.4 Consequences for individuals' include**

f. Diabetes care is advanced, including screening for detection of complications

g. Evidence supporting the efficacy of intensive blood glucose control [20, 21]**,** blood pressure control [22], blood lipid control [23], and these development

h. Increasing pressure from professional organisations, lay groups and from some of the members associations of IDF to institute screening for type 2 diabetes if only to further highlight the increasing prevalence and public

i. Individuals with IGT have increased risk of CVD and on average, 11% of people with pre-diabetes develop type 2 DM each yr. (1.5–4%) and in 10 yrs. and 50% higher risk of CVD, this can be prevented or delayed by Life style

**3.3 However not everybody is convinced that it is worthwhile screening for**

a. Some of the NSC criteria for screening programme are not met [18]

b. A 13-year follow-up in health measures or cardiovascular morbidity showed

e. If other cardiovascular risk factors are assessed and addressed, the benefits of screening for hyperglycaemia are modest in terms of further reducing

c. The ADDITION trial did not show any benefit after applying intensified

d. Up to now there is yet to be a perfect screening test for dysglycaemia

f. The proportion of undiagnosed diabetes has probably been reduced by

a. The time and other resources necessary to undergo the screening and diagnostic tests may not be there particularly for the poor [18]

b. The fair of unknown on both the test outcome, the reflection on societal

views, the cost of treatment and what is said about the disease in the society is

Although there are advances in screening for and treatment of type 2 diabetes, the policies and practices do have profound consequences for individuals, health

The usefulness of urinary glucose as a screening test is limited because of the low sensitivity ranging from 21% and 64% with specificity >98% in studies which included performing OGTT in the entire study population or a random sample of negative screeners. Despite this, urine glucose testing may have a place in low resource settings where no other procedure is available. This is particularly so when the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes is likely to be high [23, 24]. Urine should be protected from direct sunlight, add 5 ml glacial acetic acid to preserve glucose in the urine otherwise up to 40% may be lose after 24-hr storage at room temperature [25]. Keeping samples on ice-water slurring during collection is also recommended [26]. However, this may not be feasible in rural areas of developing countries; it is therefore recommended that urinalysis should be done immediate after urine collection in such situations.
