**Acronyms and abbreviations**


**81**

*Individual Glycation Sites as Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus*

ESI-QqLIT electrospray ionization - quadrupole-linear ion trap

ESI-QqTOF electrospray ionization - quadrupole-quadrupole-time-of-flight

ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

G-H1 glyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1

Glarg glyoxal-derived hydro-imidazolinone GODIC glyoxal derived imidazolium crosslinking

HCD higher-energy collisional dissociation

HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography

GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GC–MS gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

HPLC–MS high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass

LC–MS/MS liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

iTRAQ isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification LC-IT-TOF liquid chromatography – ion trap – time-of-flight

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95532*

ESI electrospray ionization

MS ESRD end-stage renal disease ETD electron-transfer dissociation

FBG fasting blood glucose FPG fasting plasma glucose

GD-HI dihydroxyimidazolidine

HbA1c glycated hemoglobin

ID internal diameter

Ig immunoglobulin

LIT linear ion trap LOD limit of detection

GOLD glyoxal-derived lysine dimer

HDL high-density lipoproteins

spectrometry

IGT impaired glucose tolerance

LDA linear discriminant analysis LFQ label-free relative quantification LFIA lateral flow immunoassay

LOOCV leave-one-out cross-validation

MOLD methylglyoxal-lysine dimer MRM multiple reaction monitoring MWCO molecular weight cut off MS mass spectrometer

MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry NBT nitroblue tetrazolium

NGT normal glucose tolerance PPG 2 h postprandial glucose PRM parallel reaction monitoring SCX strong cation exchange SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate

MG-H1 methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1 MGD-HI methylglyoxal-derived dihydroxyimidazolidine

NF-kB nuclear factor k-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

SVM-RFE support vector machine-recursive feature elimination STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription

LOQ limit of quantification

IDA information-dependent acquisition

GA glycated albumin

*Individual Glycation Sites as Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95532*

*Type 2 Diabetes - From Pathophysiology to Cyber Systems*

T2DM is one of the most widely spread metabolic disorders and most often discovered at the step of complications, which makes therapy less efficient and more expensive. HbA1c provides information about changes in glycaemic status over three months, and, hence, is insensitive to short-term glucose fluctuations preceding the disease. In this context, using individual glycation sites as T2DM biomarkers might provide a good solution of this problem. Precise and reliable quantification of glycated peptides is a prerequisite for establishing biomarkers and developing clinical diagnostics of T2DM. Different methods are established and qualified for the quantification of individual glycation sites in plasma proteins using label-free or absolute quantification. Due high precision it is applicable to use in the combination with HbA1c for screening of large patient cohorts for early diagnosis of T2DM, therapy control, sub-typing disease stages, and the prognosis of complication risks. Obviously, the biomarker potential of glycated peptides is still mostly unknown. On one hand, more explorative studies are necessary to discover new biomarker candidates. On the other – these biomarker candidates need to be confirmed in wide-scale screening in large cohorts with reliable absolute quantification methods.

The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research according to the research project #18-34-00927 and Deutsche

Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, project # FR3117/2-3).

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

2-DE Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

AGEs advanced glycation end products

BAC boronate affinity chromatography

3DG-H1 3-deoxyglucosone-derived hydroimidazolone 1




DOLD 3-deoxyglucosonederived lysine dimer ELBIA enzyme-linked boronate immunoassay


**5. Conclusions**

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Acronyms and abbreviations**

ACC diagnostic accuracy

AP-1 activator protein-1

BEH ethylene bridged hybrid BMI body mass index BUP bottom-up proteomic

CID collision induced dissociation

DDA data dependent acquisition DIA data-independent acquisition

ACN acetonitrile

CEA *N*<sup>δ</sup>

CEL *N*<sup>ε</sup>

CMA *N*<sup>ω</sup>

CML *N*<sup>ε</sup>

**80**

