*2.2.4 Metabolism of vitamin B12*

The Vitamin B12 is utilized by us in two ways, as methyl cobalamin or 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. Methionine synthase is an enzyme which needs methyl cobalamin as a cofactor. It is usually responsible of the transformation of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine, whereas methionine, is needed for the methylation of DNA. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a helper enzyme needed by those enzymes which transform l-methyl malonyl CoA into succinyl CoA. This transformation is a primary point in the taking out of energy from fats and proteins. Additionally, succinyl CoA is needed for the making of hemoglobin which is the compound that is a carrier of oxygen molecules in red blood cells [32].

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*Therapeutic Effect of Folate and Cobalamin in Diabetics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96447*

Breakfast cereals, fortified with 100% of the DV for vitamin B12, 1 serving

Cheeseburger, twofold pastry as well as

bread roll, 1 sandwich

**Table 1.**

**3. Vitamin B12 and diabetes**

*Different sources of vitamin B12 [31].*

The connection between diabetes and vitamin B12 can be explained as:

Diabetes Type 1 is an automatic immune state which is the outcome from auto immune devastation for insulin releasing from beta cells of pancreas. This can be consistently related to new organ as well as non-organ particular auto immune plus endocrine situations results in growth of autoimmune polyglandular disorders [33]. Pernicious anemia due to chronic autoimmune gastritis can be very much widespread amongst people having type 1 diabetes. Pernicious anemia and Chronic autoimmune gastritis are present within almost 2% as well as up to 1% common people correspondingly. Amongst people having type 1 diabetes, incidence raises 3 to 5 times [34]. vitamin B12 shortage because of pernicious anemia present repeat-

**Food Micrograms (mcg) per serving Percent DV\*** Beef 70.7 1,178

Trout 5.4 90 Salmon 4.8 80 Tuna fish 2.5 42

Milk 1.2 18 Yogurt, fruit 1.1 18 Cheese, Swiss 0.9 15 Egg 0.6 10 Chicken 0.3 5

6.0 100

2.1 35

Individuals suffering from type 1 diabetes show parietal cell antibodies (PCA) plus auto antibodies to intrinsic factor (AIF) type 1 as well as 2 (De Block *et al*., 1999) in particular people having antibodies of glutamate decarboxylase-65 (GAD-65) as well as HLA-DQA1\*0501-B1\*0301 haplotype [35]. The PCA hampers release for intrinsic factor leading to pernicious anemia, state that can be 10 times further prevailing amongst people having type 1 DM as well as people do not have DM. Type 1 AIF lead to vitamin B12 deficit inhibiting attachment of vitamin B12 to IF. This inhibits transport toward assimilation spot, terminal ileum. Such auto antibod-

Main autoimmune hypothyroidism as well as celiac ailment is common comorbidities between people having type 1 diabetes [36] and directly influence vitamin B12 metabolism. Vitamin B12 shortage between people having autoimmune hypothyroidism is described as existence of gastric parietal cell antibodies as well as intrinsic factor, decreased ingestion by mouth because of thyroid hormone insufficiency as well as flawed assimilation because of bowel wall edema, decreased bowel

ies can be present within 70% people suffering from pernicious anemia.

**3.1 Vitamin B12 deficiency and type 1 diabetes mellitus**

*\* Percent Daily Value. A guide to the nutrients in one serving of food*

edly amongst individuals having type 1 diabetes.


#### **Table 1.**

*Type 2 Diabetes - From Pathophysiology to Cyber Systems*

related functions and person's mood changes.

shows the risk of heart attack.

cells fit. Without it, cells become weak.

results in swelling as well as heart disease.

having strong and fit bones [29]*.*

replenishes this defending casing [30].

Some dietary yeast foodstuffs also have vitamin B12.

origins of vitamin B12 are enlisted in the **Table 1** [31]*.*

is a carrier of oxygen molecules in red blood cells [32].

*2.2.3 Sources of vitamin B12*

*2.2.4 Metabolism of vitamin B12*

• Its mechanism is directly with vitamin B9 as well-known as folic acid or folate, to aid build RBCs and hence keep anemic conditions from building up in the body. Folic acid and Vitamin B12 play role jointly for making S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a chemical compound concerned in immunity

• Vitamins B12, Vitamin B6 as well as B9 act mutually for the management of status of the homocysteine amino acid. Elevated status for homocysteine is linked by heart disease. Though, scientists do not have confidence that homocysteine can be reason for heart disease otherwise only an indicator which

• Vitamin B12 has a key role in the production of energy in the body. It keeps the

• The heart as well as whole cardiovascular system requires B12. It has functions of eliminate hazardous protein known as homocysteine. When homocysteine becomes tolerable so that it stays throughout blood, this devastates arteries

• Research works explain people having osteoporosis can contain elevated status for homocysteine as well as decreased status for B12 as compared to persons

• Nerves contain defensive cover for their protection from pollutants as well as free radicals within blood. Devoid of casing, known as myelin sheaths, bare nerves are injured as well as might expire. Such deceased nerves disturb signals toward and away from brain as well as might take part in function in nerve associated circumstances. Vitamin B12 assists approach by which the body

The Vitamin B12 is found within organic foodstuffs, as well as in meat, fish, eggs, poultry, milk products and milk itself. It does not find within plants and its products only in very small quantity, but prepared breakfast cereals may be easily accessible resource for vitamin B12 having elevated availability for vegetarians [26].

Prepared foodstuffs have different formulation and this may be essential understand tags of manufactured goods find out the nutritional ingredients. Various food

The Vitamin B12 is utilized by us in two ways, as methyl cobalamin or 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. Methionine synthase is an enzyme which needs methyl cobalamin as a cofactor. It is usually responsible of the transformation of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine, whereas methionine, is needed for the methylation of DNA. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a helper enzyme needed by those enzymes which transform l-methyl malonyl CoA into succinyl CoA. This transformation is a primary point in the taking out of energy from fats and proteins. Additionally, succinyl CoA is needed for the making of hemoglobin which is the compound that

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*Different sources of vitamin B12 [31].*
