**Author details**

*Type 2 Diabetes - From Pathophysiology to Cyber Systems*

Ori, JD, Ori Diagnostic Instruments, LLC, for editorial help.

aEEmax maximal activity energy expenditure AT adaptive thermogenesis/thermal loss

HFr high frequency spectral power of heart rate variability

LFr low frequency spectral power of heart rate variability

*Kk* Kalman gain provided by the Kalman filter

Fox/Cox fat vs. carbohydrate oxidation

Hb hemoglobin concentration

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Abbreviations**

*System Variables:*

Diagnostic Instruments, LLC.

DNL de novo lipogenesis ECW extracellular water

ICW intracellular water

F fat weight

L lean mass

R R-ratio Rw Rw-ratio

W weight

PV plasma volume

tHbmas Total Hemoglobin Mass 24hrRQ 24 hr. respiratory quotient

VO2max maximum oxygen uptake *<sup>k</sup> v* zero mean white noise sequence

AD Autonomic Dysfunction

SDNN standard deviation of R-R intervals *uk* zero mean white noise sequence

*wk* zero mean white noise sequence

calculated by the mathematical models can serve as tools, allowing for planning and executing dynamic changes of behavior for optimization and control of these values. All-encompassing Risk Scores calculated by the mathematical models can serve as outcome measures to be tracked by the user and personal trainer/primary provider to prevent and fight burdens of type 2 diabetes and optimize lifestyle quasi real-time.

We would like to express our gratitude for the valuable related discussions with Professor Dr. John Buse, UNC-Chapel Hill. Further, we would like to thank Ilona

The author declares that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. No specific funding was provided for this research. This research was performed as part of the author's employment with Ori Diagnostic Instruments, LLC. The author is the inventor on patents [8, 9] and the patents are owned by Ori

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Zsolt P. Ori Ori Diagnostic Instruments, LLC, Durham, NC, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: ori.zsolt@oridiagnosticinstruments.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
