**Author details**

Aniruddha Singh\*, Travis Huffman and Megan Smith Western Kentucky Heart and Lung Research Foundation, The Medical Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Bowling Green, KY, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: aniruddha.singh@uky.edu

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**161**

*Utility and Appropriate Use of PCSK9 Inhibitors in the Current Era*

kexin type 9 inhibitors: practical guidance for use in patients at very high cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal. 2017;38(29):2245-2255. doi:

[8] Lambert G, Sjouke B, Choque B, Kastelein JJ, Hovingh GK. The PCSK9 decade. J Lipid Res.

2012;53(12):2515-2524. doi:10.1194/jlr.

[9] Abifadel, M., Varret, M., Rabès, J. et al. Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Nat

[10] Cohen J, Boerwinkle E, Mosley T, Hobbs H. Sequence Variations in PCKS9, Low LDL, and Protection against Coronary Heart Disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1264-1272. DOI: 10.1056/

[11] Zhao Z, Tuakli-Wosornu Y, Lagace TA, Kinch L, Grishin NV, Horton JD, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Molecular characterization of lossof-function mutations in PCSK9 and identification of a compound heterozygote.Am J Hum Genet. 2006; 79:514-523. (Mice study on PCSK9)

[12] Hooper AJ, Marais AD, Tanyanyiwa DM, Burnett JR. The C679X mutation in PCSK9 is present and lowers blood cholesterol in a Southern African population. Atherosclerosis. 2007; 193:445-448.

(Mice study on PCKS9)

Oct; 39(5): 164-167.

[14] Nissen SE, Stroes E,

[13] Page M, Watts G. PCSK9 inhibitors – mechanisms of action. Aust Prescr. 2016

Dent-Acosta RE, et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of Evolocumab vs Ezetimibe

in Patients With Muscle-Related Statin Intolerance: The GAUSS-3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA.

10.1093/eurheartj/ehw480.

Genet 34, 154-156 (2003).

NEJMoa054013

R026658

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95238*

[1] World Health Organization : Global Atlas CVD Prevention/Control.2011.

[2] Navarese E. P., Kolodziejczak M., Schulze V., et al. Effects of proprotein

WHOGeneva, Switzerland

convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies in adults with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015;163(1):40-51.

doi: 10.7326/M14-2957.

10.1093/eurheartj/ehv563.

10.1056/NEJMoa1801174.

[4] Sabatine M. S., Giugliano R. P., Keech A. C., et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(18):1713- 1722. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615664.

[5] Schwartz G. G., Steg P. G., Szarek M., et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;379(22):2097-2107. doi:

[6] Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018. AHA/ACC/AACVPR/ AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2018), doi: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003.

[7] Landmesser U., John Chapman M., Farnier M., et al. European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society task force consensus statement on proprotein convertase subtilisin/

[3] Lipinski M. J., Benedetto U., Escarcega R. O., et al. The impact of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 serine protease inhibitors on lipid levels and outcomes in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia: a network meta-analysis. European Heart Journal. 2016;37(6):536-545. doi:

**References**

*Utility and Appropriate Use of PCSK9 Inhibitors in the Current Era DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95238*
