Preface

The increase in diabetes cases worldwide is associated with accelerated aging, pancreatic dysfunction, and the induction of various chronic diseases. There is now a type 3 diabetes, which is associated with various brain diseases such as stroke, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Sugar intake is critical to healthy aging and determines mitochondrial survival in the pancreas and brain. There is an increased risk for the development of diabetes in both the developing and developed world. Insulin therapy and sugar intake are closely connected to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with insulin therapy inactivation associated with brain diseases and NAFLD, which are now major global organ diseases. The recalculation of daily sugar intake is critical to maintain anti-aging genes and to reverse accelerated aging, NAFLD, and neurodegeneration connected to the global diabetes epidemic. Discoveries in genomic medicine and nutrition sciences have become important to maintain insulin dosing and timing in diabetic individuals to prevent the natural progression of hyperglycemia-induced severity of diabetic complications. Medical devices that promote diabetes technology assist with continuous infusion of subcutaneous insulin, which plays an important role in the treatment of diabetes. Preventing micro and macrovascular consequences of prolonged hyperglycemia and delaying the progressive loss of β-cell function are the key goals of anti-diabetes therapies. Key milestones in diabetes technology include the development of the artificial pancreas, which may be one of the most promising treatments ever for this disease. The severity of the global chronic disease epidemic may involve uncontrolled progression that may override basic insulin therapy with costs expected to reach \$250 billion dollars. In the United States, unexpected health costs of diabetes are estimated to reach \$344 billion dollars by 2040. The use of various anti-hyperglycemic drugs is important to the treatment of diabetes with effects on β-cell function. Major efforts have been made to identify biomarkers of insulin resistance and to delay multiple organ disease syndrome associated with diabetes. The major concern of uncontrolled hyperglycemia and mitochondrial apoptosis in diabetics is the impetus for the publication of this book. Written by experts from around the globe, this book examines the risks and benefits of sugar intake and the critical role of functional foods in treating diabetes. The chapters provide information to control sugar intake and to prevent the induction of organ disease in diabetic individuals. Food restriction and low-calorie diets are critical to reverse multiple organ disease in diabetes and prevent mitochondrial apoptosis, which leads to programmed cell death.

> **Dr. Ian James Martins** Independent Scientist, Perth, Australia
