**Author details**

Tomoya Shintani1,2\*, Laura Lema-Perez3 and Hideya Shintani4


\*Address all correspondence to: shintanitomoya@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**15**

nature08313

*The Sugars with the Potential to Prolong Human Life DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97885*

[1] Martins I: Anti-Aging Genes Improve Appetite Regulation and Reverse Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Global Populations. Advances in Aging Research 2016; 5: 9-26. DOI: 10.4236/

[9] McLennan HR, Degli Esposti M: The

respiratory complexes to the production of reactive oxygen species. J Bioenerg

[10] Forman HJ, Kennedy J: Dihydro orotate dependent superoxide production in rat brain and liver: a function of the primary dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:

[11] Tretter L, Adam-Vizi V: Generation of reactive oxygen species in the reaction catalyzed by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. J Neurosci. 2004; 24:

[12] Piotrowska A, Bartnik E: The role of

[13] Ha H, Lee HB: Reactive oxygen species as glucose signaling molecules in mesangial cells cultured under high glucose. Kidney Int Suppl 2000; 77: S19-25. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.

[14] Mattson MP: Hormesis Defined. Ageing Research Reviews. 2007; 7: 1-7.

[15] Rattan SI: Principles and practice of hormetic treatment of aging and age-related diseases. Human & Experimental Toxicology 2008; 27: 151-4. DOI:10.1177/0960327107083409

[16] Rattan, Suresh IS: Hormesis in aging. Ageing Research Reviews 2008; 7: 63-78. DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2007.03.002

[17] Gems D, Partridge L: "Stress-Response Hormesis and Aging: "That which Does Not Kill Us Makes Us Stronger"". Cell Metabolism 2008; 7: 200-203. DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.

DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2007.08.007.

reactive oxygen species and mitochondria in aging. Postepy Biochem. 2014; 60: 240-247.

contribution for mitochondrial

Biomembr 2000; 32: 153-162.

219-224.

7771-7778.

2000.07704.x.

01.001

[2] Martins I: Insulin Therapy and Autoimmune Disease with Relevance to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. An Update. IntechOpen. 2018.

[3] Harman D: Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry.

[4] Peek CB, Levine DC, Cedernaes J, Taguchi A, Kobayashi Y, Tsai SJ, Bonar NA, McNulty MR, Ramsey KM, Bass J: Circadian Clock Interaction with HIF1α Mediates Oxygenic Metabolism and Anaerobic Glycolysis in Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metab 2017; 25: 86-92. DOI:

[5] Zorov, Dmitry B et al: "Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release."

Physiological reviews 2014; 94: 909-950.

[6] Owusu-Ansah E, Banerjee: Reactive oxygen species prime Drosophila haematopoietic progenitors for differentiation. Nature 2009; 461: 537-541. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/

[7] Takeshige K, Minakami S: NADHand NADPH dependent formation of superoxide anions by bovine heart submitochondrial particles and NADH ubiquinone reductase preparation. Biochem J 1979; 180: 129-135.

[8] Trumpower B L: The protonmotive Q cycle. Energy transduction by coupling of proton translocation to electron transfer by the cytochrome bc1 complex. J Biol Chem. 1990; 265: 11409-11412.

DOI:10.1152/physrev.00026.2013.

J Gerontol 1956; 11: 298-300.

10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.010.

aar.2016.51002.

**References**

*The Sugars with the Potential to Prolong Human Life DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97885*
