**Author details**

Ian James Martins Independent Scientist, Australia

\*Address all correspondence to: fellow.iasr@gmail.com; i.martins@ecu.edu.au

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**3**

*Introductory Chapter: Sugar Intake and Global Chronic Disease*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98196*

[2] Martins IJ. Increased Risk for Obesity and Diabetes with Neurodegeneration in

[3] Martins, IJ. Overnutrition determines LPS regulation of mycotoxin induced neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16(12):

[4] Erickson J, Sadeghirad B, Lytvyn L, Slavin J, Johnston BC. The scientific basis of guideline recommendations on sugar intake: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(4):257-267.

[5] Martins IJ. Functional foods and active molecules with relevance to health and chronic disease: Editorial. Functional Foods in Health and Disease

[6] Martins, IJ. Anti-aging genes

improve appetite regulation and reverse cell senescence and apoptosis in global populations. Advances in Aging

[7] Martins, IJ. Single gene inactivation with implications to diabetes and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. J Clin Epigenet. 2017; Vol. 3 No. 3:24.

[8] Martins, IJ. Sirtuin 1, a diagnostic protein marker and its relevance to chronic disease and therapeutic drug interventions". EC Pharmacology and Toxicology 6.4 (2018): 209-215.

2017; 7(10): 833-836.

Research, 2016, 5, 9-26.

Developing Countries. Top 10 Contribution on Genetics. Chapter 1, EBook. 2018. www.avid.science.com

[1] Martins IJ. Insulin Therapy and Autoimmune Disease with Relevance to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. An Update. IntechOpen. 2018.

**References**

29554-29573.

*Introductory Chapter: Sugar Intake and Global Chronic Disease DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98196*

## **References**

*Sugar Intake - Risks and Benefits and the Global Diabetes Epidemic*

important to the critical role played by functional foods in the treatment of individuals from the global chronic disease. The chapters published in this book are from various authors around the world. These authors have written excellent chapters that maintain the high standards for the best book companies. The quality of the research contributed in chapters include research on the impact of sugar on vision, use of pedometer for the management of impaired glucose intolerance, fructose intake with relevance to metabolism and severity in chronic diseases. The role of organs involved in glucose metabolism and the effect of ad framing on the intention to control sugar intake is assessed. The biological responses to the consumption of non-nutritional sweeteners is assessed with the role of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induced activation of human T lymphocytes and inflammation and inhibition by ω- 3 Fatty Acid. The research on critical elements of dietary carbohydrates and the metabolic syndrome with relevance to the sugars with the potential to prolong human life are discussed in this scholarly book. The research contributed in these chapters by the authors is of key interest to functional foods and the current global chronic disease epidemic. The role of anti-aging genes [6, 7] are of critical interest that when activated will reverse impaired glucose tolerance, improve vision, extend life and improve the metabolic syndrome in diabetes. The research mentioned in these chapters will improve the anti-aging gene release of anti-aging proteins [8] that are critical to longevity and reversal of the global chronic disease epidemic. The risk and benefits of sugar intake as outlined in this book may revolve around the activation and repression of the anti-aging gene that is critical to mitochondrial survival and if the question with relevance to risks and benefits of sugar intake remains unanswered it may lead to the predicted global increase in NAFLD, diabetes and neurodegenerative

**2**

**Author details**

disease by the year 2050.

Ian James Martins

Independent Scientist, Australia

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: fellow.iasr@gmail.com; i.martins@ecu.edu.au

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, [1] Martins IJ. Insulin Therapy and Autoimmune Disease with Relevance to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. An Update. IntechOpen. 2018.

[2] Martins IJ. Increased Risk for Obesity and Diabetes with Neurodegeneration in Developing Countries. Top 10 Contribution on Genetics. Chapter 1, EBook. 2018. www.avid.science.com

[3] Martins, IJ. Overnutrition determines LPS regulation of mycotoxin induced neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16(12): 29554-29573.

[4] Erickson J, Sadeghirad B, Lytvyn L, Slavin J, Johnston BC. The scientific basis of guideline recommendations on sugar intake: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(4):257-267.

[5] Martins IJ. Functional foods and active molecules with relevance to health and chronic disease: Editorial. Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2017; 7(10): 833-836.

[6] Martins, IJ. Anti-aging genes improve appetite regulation and reverse cell senescence and apoptosis in global populations. Advances in Aging Research, 2016, 5, 9-26.

[7] Martins, IJ. Single gene inactivation with implications to diabetes and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. J Clin Epigenet. 2017; Vol. 3 No. 3:24.

[8] Martins, IJ. Sirtuin 1, a diagnostic protein marker and its relevance to chronic disease and therapeutic drug interventions". EC Pharmacology and Toxicology 6.4 (2018): 209-215.

**5**

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

The Sugars with the Potential to

*Tomoya Shintani, Laura Lema-Perez and Hideya Shintani*

Sugar is the main source of energy for all cells in the human body. On the other hand, cells can also obtain energy from fats and proteins depending on conditions, although this metabolic process is more difficult and less common in cells. Sugar intake has increased in recent decades and is included in most of our dietary products. However, many studies indicate that sugar intake increases the prevalence of suffering from various harmful health conditions such as obesity. As a consequence, obesity is related to several chronic diseases such as hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus in humans. This is due to an excessive intake of sugars and sedentary lifestyles, causing a deterioration in the organs of our body, and consequently, reducing life expectancy. In this chapter, sugars that both shorten and lengthen life expectancy are presented. The latter are recent options that have emerged in order to continue sweetening our food in a healthier way, and would be new geroprotectors.

Sugar is the main source of energy for the cells of the human body and is a nutrient that is abundantly found in nature and is widely used in the food processing industry. In the 1970s and 1980s, a strong association was found between cardiovascular disease, the number 1 cause of death in the world, and fat intake. For this reason, the food industry began to create low-fat but high-sugar consumer products. Today there is evidence that the high consumption of sugars in the recent decades has triggered a lot of chronic diseases that were not previously known, as diabetes mellitus. The appearance of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus has increased exponentially. Diabetes mellitus, e.g., is considered today a pandemic, due to it is one of the most prevalent not transmissible diseases in the world. The role sugar intake that is linked to aging is now relevant to the global chronic disease epidemic [1]. The global nonalcoholic fatty liver disease epidemic also has now

Many scientific studies show that the increase in chronic diseases is due to excessive consumption of sugars and low-quality carbohydrates. This chapter presents in Section 2 the relationship between human life expectancy and sugar consumption, including a brief explanation of glucose metabolism in the human body. Later, Section 3 presents sugars as glucose, fructose, and galactose known as likely to shorten life with excessive intake. On the other hand, Section 4 presents sugar with potential to extend life expectancy like 2-deoxy-glucose, allulose, and glucosamine.

Prolong Human Life

**Keywords:** Lifespan, healthy life, sugar, glucose metabolism

become of major concern to diabetes [2].

Finally, the conclusions are presented.

#### **Chapter 2**
