*4.1.2 Flash cupping*

*Flash cupping* is also known as empty cupping [24]. It involves performing quick suctions of medium to light pressure over the targeted area. The cup is applied for a very short time of less than 30 seconds to stimulate the area. It can be done by using only one cup or four medium-sized cups. This method can be used in situations where dry cupping is not recommended. For example, in young people and females [22].

#### *4.1.3 Wet cupping*

*Wet cupping* is also known as full cupping, bloodletting cupping, and bleeding cupping. It is commonly used in traditional medicine [24]. It involves scraping of the skin by a surgical instrument before applying the cups to suck the blood. The main side-effects of this method include higher risk of infection, vasovagal attacks, and scars development [22].

## *4.1.4 Massage cupping*

*Massage cupping* is also known as moving cupping, dynamic cupping, and gliding cupping [2]. It is performed by applying oil over the skin and moving the cups over the treated area by using weak suction. Different types of oils are used such as olive oil, peppermint oil, and lavender oil. This type of cupping can be used for both young and elderly people [22]. **Figure 1** contains images of the four technical types.
