**Author details**

Hamdy A. Shaaban Chemistry of Flavor and Aroma Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

\*Address all correspondence to: hamdy.shaaban64@gmail.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**173**

*Essential Oil as Antimicrobial Agents: Efficacy, Stability, and Safety Issues for Food Application*

and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of *Eucalyptus*. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;**89**:277-283

[9] Dorman HJD, Surai P, Deans SG. In vitro antioxidant activity of a number of plant essential oils and phytoconstituents. Journal of Essential

[10] Lee KG, Shibamoto T. Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. Journal of Agricultural and Food

Oil Research. 2000;**12**:241-248

Chemistry. 2002;**50**:4947-4952

[11] Park KK, Chun KS, Lee JM, Lee SS, Surh YJ. Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol ester-induced inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and skin tumor promotion in ICR mice. Cancer Letters.

[12] Vazquez B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B. Antiinflammatory activity of extracts from aloe vera gel. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

[13] Elgayyar M, Draughon FA, Golden DA, Mount JR. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and

saprophytic microorganisms. Journal of Food Protection. 2001;**64**:1019-1024

[14] Lima ED, Gompertz OF, Paulo MD, Giesbrecht AM. In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against clinical isolates of dermatophytes. Revista de Microbiologia. 1992;**23**:235-238

[15] Schnitzler P, Koch C, Reichling J. Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2007;**51**:

1998;**129**:139-144

1996;**55**:69-75

1859-1862

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92305*

[1] Guenther E. The Essential Oil. Vol. IV. New York: D.Van Nostrand; 1950

El-massry KF. The Egyptian *Eucalyptus camaldulensis* var. brevirostris: Chemical composition of the fruit volatile oil and antioxidant activity. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2002;**17**:306-312

[3] Angioni A, Barra A, Coroneo V, Dessi S, Cabras P. Chemical composition, seasonal variability, and antifungal activity of *Lavandula stoechas* L. ssp. stoechas essential oils from stem/leaves and flowers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

[4] Masotti V, Juteau F, Bessiere JM, Viano J. Seasonal and phenological variations of the essential oil from the narrow endemic species *Artemisia molinieri* and its biological activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003;**51**:7115-7121

[5] Smith RL, Cohen SM, Doull J, Feron VJ, Goodman JI, Marnett LJ, et al. A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food: Essential oils. Food and Chemical Toxicology.

[6] Hajhashemi V, Ghannadi A, Sharif B. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of *Lavandula angustifolia* mill. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;**89**:67-71

[7] Perry NS, Bollen C, Perry EK, Ballard C. Salvia for dementia therapy: Review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and

Behavior. 2003;**75**:651-659

[8] Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa SM, Duarte VG, MIL M, FJA M. Analgesic

2006;**54**:4364-4370

2005;**43**:345-363

[2] El-Ghorab AH, Fadel HM,

**References**

*Essential Oil as Antimicrobial Agents: Efficacy, Stability, and Safety Issues for Food Application DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92305*
