**4. List of essential oils**

*Essential Oils - Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications*

shorter processing time and a higher oil yield with less steam used [11].

Hydro Diffusion method for extraction of oils is a type of steam distillation and is only different in the way in which steam enters the container of the still. This method is preferred when the plant material has been dried and is not deteriorate at boiling temperature [24]. The steam in this method is drenched from the topmost onto the phytophagous matter and thus leads to impregnate the plants even more and less time. Hydrodiffusion method is superior to steam distillation because of

One of the most widely used methods of extracting essential oils from their sources is steam distillation, and it is one of the preferred methods due to its low cost. In this method, the essential oil and aromatic components of the plant are gathered by utilize heating water or vapor and thus cause damage to plant cells and lead to release these materials [21, 25]. This method is applied in isolation of essential oils at temperatures approach to 100°C, and next with condensation to produce an immiscible fluid that can clarify it to isolate the oil*,* so it is used in the conservation of compounds that might rupture at elevated temperatures [23, 26, 27].

In this method, the extraction of the essential oil occur after utilization of a hydrocarbon solvent which is acts as dissolving material when added to the plant and leads to the formation of mixture contain the essential oil with other material. The next step includes purification by concentration and filtration of the mixture and then added of absolute alcohol that when evaporate left the oil behind it. This method represents the best in the formation of big amounts from the product oil because of the least display to high temperatures or air but on the other hand the residue that results by the way

after the extraction had bad effects on the health and immunity [28].

alcohol be evaporated and thus the essential oils are gathered [29].

residue and ensure the purification process [29].

Uses large machinery to either grind the seeds/fruits to squeeze out the oil or pierce the rind and peel of the fruit while it is rotating to extract the oil. Cold pressing is used to extract the essential oils from citrus rinds such as orange, lemon, grapefruit and bergamot. In this method the heat is generated internally where it result from the revolving of the mixture and the friction lead to disconnect of the oil from the mixture and the next step include filtration of the oil to discard any

An intense and classical method of elicit essential oil from petals of flowers. The procedure includes coating fats above petals of the flower which act on the soak up the oils, and then utilize alcohol to isolate the essential oils from the fat, then let

This method is traditional where it uses the liquid CO2 via pressurized it and the essential oils of the plants dissolved in this liquid. The next step includes return

**3.2 Hydro diffusion**

**3.3 Steam distillation**

**3.4 Solvent extraction**

**3.5 Cold pressing**

**3.6 Enfleurage**

**3.7 Carbondioxide extraction**

**32**

This list is organized alphabetically by the common essential oil name (**Table 1**).



**35**

*Essential Oils*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92216*

Rose)

**123** Sandalwood

**125** Siberian Fir

pathogenic bacteria.

**Table 1.**

**124** Saro *(*Mandravasarotra)

*The most common name of the essential oil.*

**4.1 The application of oils essential**

**118** Rose Absolute (Provence Rose, Cabbage

**122** Sage (Dalmatian Sage, Common Sage)

**126** Silver Fir (Silver Fir Needle, Silver Spruce, White Fir)

**NO. Essential oils NO. Essential oils**

There were several applications using the essential oils such as in the nutrition, cosmetic manufacture and alternatives to synthetic medication that uses to treatment several infections and diseases [28]. Essential oils were used all over the world for disinfection, as anti-inflammatory, relaxing, and stimulating substances, and with potential and modern exploitation in clinical medicine and oil can act as antibacterial agent against a wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria strains including: *Listeria monocytogenes*, *Listeria Linnocua*, *Salmonella typhimurium*, *Shigella dysenteriae*, *Bacillus cerus*, and *Staphylococcus aureus*. Mouth washes containing essential oils could also be used as part of plaque-control routine since they can penetrate the plaque biofilm and kill pathogenic-wall. It is also had antibacterial activity especially versus the pathogenic bacteria in dental and mouth and this feature help in adding the essential oil in washes of the mouth to keep the oral health and improve the odor of mouth, especially when mixed with chlorhexine gluconate which is an act in preventing the transmission of

Essential oil with high concentration of thymol and carvacrol e.g., oregano,

Recently, the sciences show several danger effects of the synthetic flavoring and preservatives materials in the food onto the human health so they directed to utilize alternatives such as essential oils as natural materials for its features in preservatives the food for long time, antibacterial effects, and decrease food deterioration [29]. Pathogenic microbes in storage food or food products are responsible to degrade or deteriorate the quality of food products, resulting in the emerging foodborne diseases in various regions of the world [30]. It is well known that some essential oils exert antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Significant variations in the chemical composition of rosemary essential oils have been reported in relation to the geographic origin [27, 28]. Moreover, variations in the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of rosemary oils from natural populations were also detected. Its applications are represented in the medicinal and therapeutics, such as aromatherapy, phytotherapy, antibacterial and antifungal uses, hypolipidemic, antitumor, etc.

savory and thyme, usually inhibit gram positive more than gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.However the antibacterial activity against gram- negative Haemophilus influenza and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* respiratory pathogens, while

gram-positive streptococcus pyrogens was the most resistant to the oil.

**119** Rose Geranium **145** Yarrow **120** Rosemary **146** Ylang Ylang **121** Rosewood (Bios de Rose) **147** Yuzu

**144** Winter Savory


#### **Table 1.**

*Essential Oils - Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications*

**55** Galangal Root (Greater Galangal, Siamese Ginger)

**NO. Essential oils NO. Essential oils 53** Fir Needle (Siberian Fir) 81 Lemon Balm **54** Frankincense (Olibanum) 82 Lemon Eucalyptus

 Galbanum 84 Lemon Myrtle Geranium 85 Lemon Tea Tree Geranium Bourbon 86 Lime Expressed German Chamomile (Blue Chamomile) 87 Lime Distilled Ginger 88 Mandarin

**61** Gingergrass 89 Manuka (New Zealand Tea Tree) **62** Goldenrod 90 Marjoram (Sweet Marjoram)

**66** Hemp (Cannabis) 94 Mountain Savory (Winter Savory)

**72** Jasmine Absolute 100 Opoponax (Sweet Myrrh, Opopanax)

**102** Orange Blossom **128** Spikenard (Nard, Jatamansi)

**109** Petitgrain **135** Thyme (Thyme Linalool,Thyme

**113** Ravensara **139** Vanilla Absolute (Vanilla Oleoresin) **114** Ravintsara (Ho Leaf) **140** Verbena (Honey Verbena, Wild

Thymol)

Verbena)

**143** Wintergreen

**63** Grapefruit 91 May Chang (Litsea)

**65** Hemlock (Spruce Hemlock, Tsuga) 93 Melissa (Lemon Balm)

**69** Hyssop 97 Neroli (Orange Blossom)

**64** Helichrysum (Everlasting, Immortelle) 92 Melaleuca

**67** Ho Leaf 95 Myrrh **68** Ho Wood 96 Myrtle

**70** Immortelle 98 Niaouli **71** Jack Pine 99 Nutmeg

**NO. Essential oils NO. Essential oils 101** Orange (Blood Orange) **127** Spearmint

 Orange (Sweet Orange, Wild Orange) **129** Spruce Hemlock Oregano **130** Star Anise Palmarosa **131** Sweet Myrrh Palo Santo **132** Tangerine Patchouli **133** Tarragon Peppermint **134** Tea Tree

**110** Pine (Scotch Pine, Scots Pine) **136** Tsuga **111** Pink Pepper **137** Turmeric **112** Plai **138** Valerian

**115** Rock Rose **141** Vetiver **116** Rosalina (Lavender Tea Tree) **142** White Fir

**117** Rose Absolute (Rose Otte, Bulgarian Rose, Damask Rose)

83 Lemongrass

**34**

*The most common name of the essential oil.*

## **4.1 The application of oils essential**

There were several applications using the essential oils such as in the nutrition, cosmetic manufacture and alternatives to synthetic medication that uses to treatment several infections and diseases [28]. Essential oils were used all over the world for disinfection, as anti-inflammatory, relaxing, and stimulating substances, and with potential and modern exploitation in clinical medicine and oil can act as antibacterial agent against a wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria strains including: *Listeria monocytogenes*, *Listeria Linnocua*, *Salmonella typhimurium*, *Shigella dysenteriae*, *Bacillus cerus*, and *Staphylococcus aureus*. Mouth washes containing essential oils could also be used as part of plaque-control routine since they can penetrate the plaque biofilm and kill pathogenic-wall. It is also had antibacterial activity especially versus the pathogenic bacteria in dental and mouth and this feature help in adding the essential oil in washes of the mouth to keep the oral health and improve the odor of mouth, especially when mixed with chlorhexine gluconate which is an act in preventing the transmission of pathogenic bacteria.

Essential oil with high concentration of thymol and carvacrol e.g., oregano, savory and thyme, usually inhibit gram positive more than gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.However the antibacterial activity against gram- negative Haemophilus influenza and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* respiratory pathogens, while gram-positive streptococcus pyrogens was the most resistant to the oil.

Recently, the sciences show several danger effects of the synthetic flavoring and preservatives materials in the food onto the human health so they directed to utilize alternatives such as essential oils as natural materials for its features in preservatives the food for long time, antibacterial effects, and decrease food deterioration [29]. Pathogenic microbes in storage food or food products are responsible to degrade or deteriorate the quality of food products, resulting in the emerging foodborne diseases in various regions of the world [30]. It is well known that some essential oils exert antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Significant variations in the chemical composition of rosemary essential oils have been reported in relation to the geographic origin [27, 28]. Moreover, variations in the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of rosemary oils from natural populations were also detected. Its applications are represented in the medicinal and therapeutics, such as aromatherapy, phytotherapy, antibacterial and antifungal uses, hypolipidemic, antitumor, etc.
