**5.5 Ventricular dysfunction**

Chronic volume overload (Large shunts, valvular regurgitation), Obstructive conditions and cardiac muscle diseases leads to reduced ventricular function. Blood gas and X-Ray may show metabolic acidosis and pulmonary edema respectively. Patients are usually on digoxin, diuretics and ionotropes.

Anaesthetic considerations includes

	- a. Ionotopes
	- b. Diuretics
	- c. Digoxin
	- d. Antiarrhythmics or ablation in patients with arrhythmia
