Preface

Our daily lives are in the reign of technology anew. The thirst towards innovation, speed, and miniaturization demands micro and macro structural understanding of materials. Nano science forms a prominent experimental focus in biological systems, chemical sensing, and photonics. Apart from regular solids; superconductors, liquid crystals, soft polymers, and non-equilibrium materials are finding their applications in various fields. The advances in theory are almost confronted in experiments. Thus the need to comprehend the conventional and contemporary information. Hence condensed matter and material science research, which includes thermal, elastic, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of solid and liquid substances, has provoked such a high impact in recent years.

The rise of matter from an interaction of a large number of atoms and electrons is deciphered in depth. Even the fundamental particles lead to complex behaviors in systems consisting of particles. Advancement in the quantum realm proffers deep knowledge over structure, transport, and utility of solids at the atomic and electronic levels. Some of the experimentally revolutionizing ideas include the Josephson effect, integer and fractional quantum Hall effect, Aharanov-Bohm effect, mesoscopic physics, dissipative quantum physics, high temperature super conductors, and non-linear dynamics. Topological phases of matter, strongly correlated spin-orbit coupled systems, spin liquids and other magnetic systems are some of the quantum streams under exploration. Some outcomes of this knowledge prove some correct and others add on to the conventional material science. Constant review and update is required in such a vibrant field of science to avoid chaos in understanding. This book serves this purpose in a systematic way.

This book consists of ten chapters that are presenting concepts, perspectives, characteristic properties, and its prospects. This book signifies the introduction of the viewpoint on the achievements and their applications, excitons in twodimensional materials, the excitonic and biexcitonic properties of low dimensional semiconductors, deliberations on electrical and optical behavior of amorphous semiconductor, superconducting Josephson-based metamaterials for quantum limited parametric applications, nanocarbon polymer composites, graphene modified by self-assembled monolayers, molecular dynamics simulation, G-Jitter effects, and compact source of terahertz radiation based on an open corrugated waveguide.

**II**

**Chapter 9 151**

**Chapter 10 175**

A Compact Source of Terahertz Radiation Based on an Open Corrugated

G-Jitter Effects on Chaotic Convection in a Rotating Fluid Layer

*by Ljudmila Shchurova and Vladimir Namiot*

*by Palle Kiran*

Waveguide

Finally, I would like to thank all the contributors of the chapters in this book for their extreme efforts in the construction of outstanding work. I would like to express my sincere gratefulness to Ms. Dolores Kuzelj, Author Service Manager, for the effective support in the construction of this book.

**Jagannathan Thirumalai**

**Chapter 1**

**1**

Applications

*Jagannathan Thirumalai*

Introductory Chapter: The

Achievements and Their

Testimony of Condensed Matter

Physics - A Viewpoint on the

**1. A succinct testimony of advances in condensed matter physics**

conductivity, electron and nuclear magnetic resonance, and its relevant

occurrences. However, in the period of Cold War, major researches focused on solid state physics were not limited to only solids, which led some physicists in the 1970s and 1980s to found the field of solid state condensed matter physics, which systematized the universal method used to scrutinize solids, liquids, plasmas, and

One of the important topics in the protuberant area of physics is condensed matter physics and it broadly encompasses the microscopic and macroscopic physical properties of materials. In condensed matter physics, the basic laws of general physics include quantum physics laws, electromagnetism, and statistical mechanics. There is a wide variety in the branch of condensed matter physics such as crystallography, metallurgy, elasticity, and magnetism. Again, this condensed matter physics is also known as solid state physics. Thus, basically, condensed matter physics deals with the solid state of substances. The study of condensed matter physics deals with the substances in their obstinate material or solid state by means of crystallography, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, semiconductors, and metallurgy and looks after the theoretical concepts of materials science and so on. Further, the exploration comprises both crystalline and non-crystalline solids in which the position of atoms is in the form of ordered three-dimensional lattice, such as diamond and sodium chloride, and on the non-crystalline (amorphous) materials in which the position of atoms is more irregular, like in glass, respectively. Studies on condensed matter physics show significant properties in solid materials especially in the atomic scale. The structure and properties of materials in solids are a general subject matter of scientific community for epochs; however, a distinct area moving in the designation of solid state physics and did not materialized in anticipation of the 1940s. One of the largest branches of condensed matter physics is solid state physics. The industrial and solid state physicists developed that and only through the research on solid state materials, the scientific applications and innovations are made conceivable [1–5]. Gargantuan group of people of solid state physicists also transpired in Europe after World War II, more specifically in Germany, England, and the Soviet Union [1–5]. In the Europe and the United States, solid state condensed matter turns out to be a protuberant field based on its systematic explorations into semiconductors, dielectrics, magnetic materials, super-

SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India

### **Sergey Ivanovich Pokutnyi**

Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

### **Chapter 1**
