**4. Conclusion**

Osteoporosis is considered to be one of the most common skeletal disorders affecting both elderly and young patients. Besides the few primary causes (aging and menopause), in most of the cases, osteoporosis occurs due to underlying secondary causes. Common secondary risk factors for osteoporosis include hormonal disorders like Cushing's disease, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, etc. Several studies have established that hyperthyroidism both endogenous (due to Graves' disease or toxic nodular goiter) and exogenous (due to prolonged levothyroxine therapy especially in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer) increases the risk of osteoporosis profoundly in postmenopausal women. Even subclinical hyperthyroidism especially the exogenous ones might lower BMD and increases the risk of osteoporosis, more commonly in postmenopausal women. Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, although responsible for an array of bone disorders, does not usually contribute to osteoporosis.

Most of the studies, exploring the association between hyperthyroidism (exogenous or endogenous) and osteoporosis, are usually conducted among elderly population (postmenopausal women and elderly men). Hence further studies are to be conducted to explore the association of hyperthyroidism and osteoporosis in younger population (premenopausal women and younger males).
