**1. Introduction**

The scaphoid fractures are the most common of the carpal bones, corresponding to 60% of these fractures. In spite of the existing consolidation without surgical treatment, some series of cases indicate rates of nonconsolidation of up to 10% [1]. Recent data suggest that the major risk factor for the nonconsolidation is the displacement of the fragments, which is associated with nonconsolidation rates of up to 55% [2].

Avascular necrosis has an estimate of occurrence of 3% in all cases of scaphoid fractures and occurs predominantly in the proximal pole, which has been attributed to the peculiarity of vascularization of this bone; studies on this subject describe that the arterial supply of the scaphoid occurs through three vessels (volar side, dorsal and distal) named according to spatial relationship with the scaphoid [3–5].

More recently some studies showed that there are two arteries: one fully dorsal and another limited to the tubercle [6].

For the diagnosis of avascular necrosis the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been recommended, which has an accuracy of up to 68%, increasing to 83% when associated with the use of gadolinium contrast. However, the gold standard is the intraoperative assessment of the absence of bleeding in the proximal fragment [7].

Several treatment techniques have been described using bone grafts, both vascularized (VBG) and nonvascularized bone grafts (NVBG). The use of nonvascularized bone grafts began with Adams and Leonard in 1928, who used cortical graft of the tibia embedded in the proximal and distal fragment through the back access via [8].

In 1934, Murray [9] described the embedded tibial graft usage through the tuberosity of the scaphoid; Bernard and Stubins in 1928 described the withdrawal of this bone pin from styloid process of the radius [10].

Matti in 1936 developed the technique in which an excavation in the proximal and distal scaphoid fragments was performed through the dorsal via, and that was later filled with cancellous bone graft [11]. Russi in 1960 modified Matti's technique using the volar via to preserve the vascularization of the scaphoid, performing niche filling with cancellous bone graft in a single block [12].

In 1970, Fisk observed the intense reabsorption of the volar portion of the fragments and the instability that follows, where distal fragment tends to flexion and the proximal fragment tends to stretch together with the semilunate, and later proposing the use of cortical cancellous graft correcting this deformity [13]. Later, Segmüller in 1973 [14] followed the precepts described by Fisk, but described the association of the use of osteosynthesis material (traction screw). Consequently, Fernandez, in 1984, described this technique in detail [15].

In 1965, Roy-Camille [16] published the technique of the VBG taken from the tuberosity of the scaphoid. Later, in 1986, Kuhlmann described the technique in which VBG removed from the medial portion and the volar portion of the distal radius were used for treatment of failures occurring after use of Matti-Russe technique [17].

In [18], work describing the vascularized graft taken from the distal portion of the radius with the vascularization based of intercompartmental supraretinacular artery 1 and 2 (1,2 ICSRA) was published.

In a recent systematic review [19], it was concluded that the consolidation rate of scaphoid fracture that evolved to a nonconsolidation with use in vascularized bone graft was of 88 versus 47% with use of nonvascularized graft.

In face of these data, this study aimed to carry out an updated literature review about the consolidation rates with use of different types of grafts (vascularized and nonvascularized) used for the treatment of scaphoid nonunion with necrosis of the proximal pole.
