**Meet the editor**

Dr. Parthasarathy is a scientist internationally recognized for his work in the area of atherosclerosis. As one of the originators of the oxidative hypothesis of atherosclerosis, he is credited with the co-discovery of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and has published extensively on oxidative stress in chronic diseases including atherosclerosis and endometriosis. He has published

over 225 full-length publications and has authored a book on modified lipoproteins. He holds several patent rights and has been continuously funded by NIH for over 20 years. He is one of the highly cited authors and has trained over 200 scientists from around the world. Dr Parthasarathy has held endowed positions in many universities and currently holds the Florida Hospital endowed chair in cardiovascular sciences at the University of Central Florida.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

Jacek Jawien

R. L. Taylor, Jr.

Chapter 3 **Illuminating Atherogenesis** 

Lawrence M. Agius

Omana P. Mathew

Chapter 5 **Emerging Epigenetic Therapy for** 

Chapter 6 **Endothelial and Vascular Smooth** 

Chapter 1 **Mouse Models of Experimental** 

**Part 1 Atherosclerosis – Models and Concepts 1** 

Chapter 2 **Spontaneous Atherosclerosis in Pigeons:** 

J. L. Anderson, S. C. Smith and

L. R. Ritter, Akif Ibragimov,

Chapter 4 **Parametric Determination of Hypoxic** 

**Atherosclerosis as a Tool for Checking a Putative Anti-Atherogenic Action of Drugs 3** 

**A Good Model of Human Disease 25** 

**Through Mathematical Modeling 49** 

**Ischemia in Evolution of Atherogenesis 71** 

**Cell Dysfunctions: A Comprehensive Appraisal 105** 

**and Long-Term Effects of Virgin Olive Oil Ingestion 135** 

Jay R.Walton and Catherine J. McNeal

**Vascular Proliferative Diseases 79**  Kasturi Ranganna, Frank M. Yatsu and

Luigi Fabrizio Rodella and Rita Rezzani

Almudena Ortega, Lourdes M. Varela, Beatriz Bermudez, Sergio Lopez, Francisco J.G. Muriana and Rocio Abia

Chapter 7 **Nutrigenomics and Atherosclerosis: The Postprandial** 

### Contents

#### **Preface XIII**


X Contents


#### **Part 2 Macrophages and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis 185**

Contents VII

**Part 3 Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis 411** 

Chapter 19 **Are CVD Patients Under Oxidative Stress? 413**

Chapter 20 **Vascular Biology of Reactive Oxygen** 

Chapter 21 **Modified Forms of LDL in Plasma 447**

**as Biomarkers of Atherogenesis** 

Chapter 22 **Oxidized LDL and NO Synthesis** 

Chapter 23 **Are Hemochromatosis Mutations** 

Chapter 24 **Paraoxonase Polymorphisms and Platelet** 

Phillip C. Delekta, Robert L. Panek,

Tomomi Kouguchi, Youzuo Zhang,

Linda M. McAllister-Lucas and Peter C. Lucas

Jerome L. Sullivan

Chapter 25 **G Protein-Coupled Receptor** 

Chapter 26 **Vasoprotective Effect of Foods as**

Adrian Manea

Yedidya Dotan, Dov Lichtenberg and Ilya Pinchuk

José Luis Sánchez-Quesada and Sandra Villegas

**Correlations with Metabolic Profile in Elderly 473**  Claudia Borsa, Cristina Ionescu and Daniela Gradinaru

**Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Activity as a Genetic Risk Factors in Cerebral Atherosclerosis 507**  Zlata Flegar-Meštrić, Mirjana Mariana Kardum Paro, Sonja Perkov, Vinko Vidjak and Marija Grdić Rajković

**Dependent NF-κB Signaling in Atherogenesis 529** 

**Treatments: Chicken Collagen Hydrolysate 557**

Mikako Sato, Yoshihisa Takahata and Fumiki Morimatsu

**Protective Against Iron-Mediated Atherogenesis? 495** 

**Species and NADPH Oxidases: Role in Atherogenesis 425** 


#### **Part 3 Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis 411**

VI Contents

Chapter 8 **Molecular Understanding of Endothelial Cell and Blood Interactions with Bacterial Cellulose:** 

> **Autoimmunity An Overview 187** Katja Lakota, Andrej Artenjak, Sasa Cucnik,

Matthew J. Butcher and Elena Galkina

Chapter 11 **(Auto)Phagocytosis in Atherosclerosis: Implications** 

Chapter 12 **Innate Immune Receptors in Atherosclerosis 255** 

**Crossroads of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Atherogenesis 281** 

Chapter 14 **Macrophage Cholesterol Homeostasis and Atherogenesis:** 

Gregor Lorbek and Damjana Rozman

**Receptors in Atherosclerosis 327** Petr Nachtigal, Jana Rathouska, Lenka Vecerova and Zbynek Strasky

Christian A. Gleissner and Christian Erbel

**Potential Participant in Atherosclerosis 385**

Chapter 17 **The Role of IL-10 in Atherosclerosis 361**  Xinbing Han and William A. Boisvert

> Jasmina Dimitrova-Shumkovska, Leo Veenman and Moshe Gavish

Chapter 18 **The 18 kDa Translocator Protein as a** 

Chapter 9 **Atherogenesis, Inflammation and** 

Chapter 10 **Mechanisms of Leukocyte Recruitment** 

Chapter 13 **Cholesterol and Inflammation at the** 

Shobha Ghosh

Chapter 15 **The Role of TGF- and TGF-**

Chapter 16 **CXCL4-Induced Macrophages:** 

**Novel Opportunities for Artificial Blood Vessels 161**  Helen Fink, Anders Sellborn and Alexandra Krettek

**Part 2 Macrophages and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis 185** 

Jana Brguljan-Hitij, Borut Cegovnik, Barbara Salobir,

**Into the Aorta During Atherosclerosis 203** 

Rok Accetto, Borut Bozic, Blaz Rozman and Snezna Sodin-Semrl

**for Plaque Stability and Therapeutic Challenges 229**  Dorien M. Schrijvers, Guido R.Y. De Meyer and Wim Martinet

Jennifer E. Cole, Anusha N. Seneviratne and Claudia Monaco

**Critical Role of Intracellular Cholesteryl Ester Hydrolysis 305** 

**A Novel Therapeutic Target in Human Atherosclerosis? 345** 


Preface

etiology of the disease.

about in the future.

in hand.

Cardiovascular disease in general and atherosclerosis in particular have been a topic of great interest for decades. During the later half of the past century, we noted great advances in defining steps involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol to the discovery of lipoproteins. The latter led to the identification of key cell types which are involved in the uptake of the lipoproteins and specific cell membrane receptors that determine their entry. The lipid clinics played a major role in identifying the risk factors, particularly in identifying high plasma cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, in the

On the one hand, drugs such as statins, life style modulation in the form of reduced fat intake, decreased smoking, and increased physical activity, continue to show marked impact on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. While on the other hand, the emerging understanding of the roles of chronic inflammation, diet, increases in the incidence of diabetes, and the environment, are factors that we need to be concerned

Although prevention is always better than cure, the beneficial roles of HDL are still only partly uncovered. In addition to promoting reverse cholesterol transport, it appears to influence inflammatory and oxidative pathways. The latter poses paradoxical and conflicting implications. While most non-clinical studies seem to stress its importance, the use of antioxidants in human clinical trials has not been encouraging to propose antioxidants as a therapeutic means. Caution should be exercised in making judgments as inflammatory and oxidative stress seem to go hand

This monograph will bring out the state-of-the-art advances in the dynamics of cholesterol transport and will address several important issues that pertain to oxidative stress and inflammation. The book is divided into three major sections; the first section deals with the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis with emphasis on epigenetics and nutrigenomics. The second section discusses cholesterol influx-efflux pathways and inflammation and immune mechanisms of atherosclerosis. The last section discusses oxidative stress and vascular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular disease development. The book will offer insights into the roles of specific cytokines, inflammation, and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and is intended for new

### Preface

Cardiovascular disease in general and atherosclerosis in particular have been a topic of great interest for decades. During the later half of the past century, we noted great advances in defining steps involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol to the discovery of lipoproteins. The latter led to the identification of key cell types which are involved in the uptake of the lipoproteins and specific cell membrane receptors that determine their entry. The lipid clinics played a major role in identifying the risk factors, particularly in identifying high plasma cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, in the etiology of the disease.

On the one hand, drugs such as statins, life style modulation in the form of reduced fat intake, decreased smoking, and increased physical activity, continue to show marked impact on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. While on the other hand, the emerging understanding of the roles of chronic inflammation, diet, increases in the incidence of diabetes, and the environment, are factors that we need to be concerned about in the future.

Although prevention is always better than cure, the beneficial roles of HDL are still only partly uncovered. In addition to promoting reverse cholesterol transport, it appears to influence inflammatory and oxidative pathways. The latter poses paradoxical and conflicting implications. While most non-clinical studies seem to stress its importance, the use of antioxidants in human clinical trials has not been encouraging to propose antioxidants as a therapeutic means. Caution should be exercised in making judgments as inflammatory and oxidative stress seem to go hand in hand.

This monograph will bring out the state-of-the-art advances in the dynamics of cholesterol transport and will address several important issues that pertain to oxidative stress and inflammation. The book is divided into three major sections; the first section deals with the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis with emphasis on epigenetics and nutrigenomics. The second section discusses cholesterol influx-efflux pathways and inflammation and immune mechanisms of atherosclerosis. The last section discusses oxidative stress and vascular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular disease development. The book will offer insights into the roles of specific cytokines, inflammation, and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and is intended for new

#### X Preface

researchers who are curious about atherosclerosis as well as for established senior researchers and clinicians who would be interested in novel findings that may link various aspects of the disease.

**Dr. Sampath Parthasarathy** 

Florida Hospital Endowed Chair in Cardiovascular Sciences at the University of Central Florida USA

X Preface

various aspects of the disease.

researchers who are curious about atherosclerosis as well as for established senior researchers and clinicians who would be interested in novel findings that may link

**Dr. Sampath Parthasarathy** 

USA

Florida Hospital Endowed Chair in

Cardiovascular Sciences at the University of Central Florida

**Part 1** 

**Atherosclerosis-Models and Concepts** 
