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[62] Liu Z, Jiang Q, Li T, Dong S, Yan S, Zhang H, et al. Environmental benefits of remanufacturing: A case study of cylinder heads remanufactured through laser cladding. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016;**133**:1027-1033

[63] Orlovskii VP, Komlev VS, Barinov VS. Hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite based ceramics. Inorganic Materials. 2002;**38**:973-984

[64] Cheng B, Kim YJ, Chou P.

2016;**48**:16-25

2013;**45**:565-572

Improving accident tolerance of nuclear fuel with coated Mo-alloy cladding. Nuclear Engineering and Technology.

[65] Kim WJ, Kim D, Park JY. Fabrication and material issues for the application of SiC composites to LWR fuel cladding. Nuclear Engineering and Technology.

[66] Yan H, Zhang P, Gao Q, Qin Y, Li R. Laser cladding Ni-based alloy/ nano-Ni encapsulated h-BN selflubricating composite coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology.

2017;**332**(March):422-427

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2017;**140**(1):1-12

2017;**139**(8):1-12

Rodriguez MDE, Rams J. Analysis and optimization of process parameters in Al-SiCp laser cladding. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2016;**78**:165-173

[69] Saqib SM, Urbanic RJ. Investigation of the transient characteristics for laser cladding beads using 420 stainless steel powder. Journal of Manufacturing Science & Engineering—ASME.

[70] Ghaith ES, Hodgson S, Sharp M. Laser surface alloying of 316L stainless

composite. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine. 2015;**26**:1-8. DOI:

[71] Tian YS, Chen CZ, Li ST, Huo QH. Research progress on laser surface modification of titanium alloys. Applied Surface Science. 2005;**242**(1-2):177-184

[72] Yao JH, Zhang QL, Kong FZ. Laser Remanufacturing to Improve the Erosion and Corrosion Resistance of Metal Components. Series in Metals and Surface Engineering. Woodhead Publishing Limited. 2012. pp. 320-354. DOI: 10.1533/9780857095831.2.320

steel coated with a bioactive hydroxyapatite titanium oxide

10.1007/s10856-015-5399-1

[73] Rottwinkel B, Nölke C,

s40516-016-0033-8

Kaierle S, Wesling V. Laser cladding for crack repair of CMSX-4 singlecrystalline turbine parts. Lasers in Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2017;**4**:13-23. DOI: 10.1007/

[74] Bartkowski D, Bartkowska A. Wear resistance in the soil of Stellite-6/WC

[60] Bailey NS, Katinas C, Shin YC. Laser direct deposition of AISI H13 tool steel powder with numerical modeling of solid phase transformation, hardness, and residual stresses. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2017;**247**:223-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.

thermo-kinetic hardening model for high power direct diode laser cladding.

Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2011;**211**:1247-1259. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec. 2011.02.006

### *Laser Surface Treatment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91800*

*Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys*

[46] Zhu G, Li D, Zhang A, Tang Y. Numerical simulation of metallic powder flow in a coaxial nozzle in laser direct metal deposition. Optics and Laser Technology. 2011;**43**:106-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2010.05.012

laser cladding process. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2019;**122**(May):151-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2019.05.026

melting and crystallization at laser cladding with powder injection. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2013;**423**:69-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.physb.2013.04.053

[53] Kumar A, Roy S. Effect of threedimensional melt pool convection on process characteristics during laser cladding. Computational Materials Science. 2009;**46**:495-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.04.002

[54] Hofman JT, De Lange DF,

jmatprotec.2010.09.007

10.1063/1.1944202

2015. pp. 1-12

Pathiraj B, Meijer J. FEM modeling and experimental verification for dilution control in laser cladding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2011;**211**:187-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[55] El Cheikh H, Courant B, Branchu S, Hascoet JY, Guillen R. Analysis and prediction of single laser tracks geometrical characteristics in coaxial laser cladding process. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2012;**50**:413-422. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2011.10.014

[56] Fan Y, Cheng P, Yao YL, Yang Z, Egland K, Fan Y. Effect of phase transformations on laser forming of Ti6Al4V alloy. Journal of Applied Physics. 2005;**98**:013518. DOI:

[57] Suarez A, Tobar MJ, Yanez A, Perez I, Sampedro J, Amigo V. Modeling of phase transformations of Ti6Al4V during laser metal deposition. Physics

[58] Farahmand P, Balu P, Kong F, Kovacevic R. Investigation of thermal cycle and hardness distribution in the laser cladding of AISI H13 tool steel produced by a high power direct diode laser. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition.

[59] Santhanakrishnan S, Kong F, Kovacevic R. An experimentally based

Procedia. 2011;**12**:666-673

[47] Tabernero I, Lamikiz A, Martínez S, Ukar E, López De Lacalle LN. Modelling of energy attenuation due to powder flow-laser beam interaction during laser cladding process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2012;**212**:516-522. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[48] Devesse W, De Baere D, Guillaume P, Brussel VU. Modeling of laser beam and powder flow interaction in laser cladding using ray-tracing. Journal of Laser Applications. 2015;**27**:0-8. DOI:

jmatprotec.2011.10.019

10.2351/1.4906394

[49] Liu J, Li L, Zhang Y, Xie X.

[50] Kovaleva IO, Kovalev OB. Simulation of the acceleration mechanism by light propulsion for the powder particles at laser direct material deposition. Optics and Laser Technology. 2012;**44**:714-725. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2011.09.016

[51] Lin J. Laser attenuation of the focused powder streams in coaxial laser cladding. Journal of Laser Applications. 2000;**12**:28. DOI: 10.2351/1.521910

[52] Mirzade FK, Niziev VG, Panchenko VY, Khomenko MD, Grishaev RV, Pityana S. Kinetic approach in numerical modeling of

Attenuation of laser power of a focused Gaussian beam during interaction between a laser and powder in coaxial laser cladding. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2005;**38**:1546-1550. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/38/10/008

**252**

thermo-kinetic hardening model for high power direct diode laser cladding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2011;**211**:1247-1259. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec. 2011.02.006

[60] Bailey NS, Katinas C, Shin YC. Laser direct deposition of AISI H13 tool steel powder with numerical modeling of solid phase transformation, hardness, and residual stresses. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2017;**247**:223-233. DOI: 10.1016/j. jmatprotec.2017.04.020

[61] Suarez A, Amado JM, Tobar MJ, Yanez A, Fraga E, Peel MJ. Study of residual stresses generated inside laser cladded plates using FEM and diffraction of synchrotron radiation. Surface and Coating Technology. 2010;**204**:1983- 1988. DOI: 10.1016/ j.surfcoat.2009.11.037

[62] Liu Z, Jiang Q, Li T, Dong S, Yan S, Zhang H, et al. Environmental benefits of remanufacturing: A case study of cylinder heads remanufactured through laser cladding. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016;**133**:1027-1033

[63] Orlovskii VP, Komlev VS, Barinov VS. Hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite based ceramics. Inorganic Materials. 2002;**38**:973-984

[64] Cheng B, Kim YJ, Chou P. Improving accident tolerance of nuclear fuel with coated Mo-alloy cladding. Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 2016;**48**:16-25

[65] Kim WJ, Kim D, Park JY. Fabrication and material issues for the application of SiC composites to LWR fuel cladding. Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 2013;**45**:565-572

[66] Yan H, Zhang P, Gao Q, Qin Y, Li R. Laser cladding Ni-based alloy/ nano-Ni encapsulated h-BN selflubricating composite coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2017;**332**(March):422-427

[67] Riquelme A, Rodrigo P, Rodriguez MDE, Rams J. Analysis and optimization of process parameters in Al-SiCp laser cladding. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2016;**78**:165-173

[68] Nazemi N, Urbanic J. An experimental and simulation study for powder injection multitrack laser cladding of P420 stainless steel on AISI 1018 steel for selected mechanical properties. Journal of Manufacturing Science & Engineering—ASME. 2017;**140**(1):1-12

[69] Saqib SM, Urbanic RJ. Investigation of the transient characteristics for laser cladding beads using 420 stainless steel powder. Journal of Manufacturing Science & Engineering—ASME. 2017;**139**(8):1-12

[70] Ghaith ES, Hodgson S, Sharp M. Laser surface alloying of 316L stainless steel coated with a bioactive hydroxyapatite titanium oxide composite. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine. 2015;**26**:1-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5399-1

[71] Tian YS, Chen CZ, Li ST, Huo QH. Research progress on laser surface modification of titanium alloys. Applied Surface Science. 2005;**242**(1-2):177-184

[72] Yao JH, Zhang QL, Kong FZ. Laser Remanufacturing to Improve the Erosion and Corrosion Resistance of Metal Components. Series in Metals and Surface Engineering. Woodhead Publishing Limited. 2012. pp. 320-354. DOI: 10.1533/9780857095831.2.320

[73] Rottwinkel B, Nölke C, Kaierle S, Wesling V. Laser cladding for crack repair of CMSX-4 singlecrystalline turbine parts. Lasers in Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2017;**4**:13-23. DOI: 10.1007/ s40516-016-0033-8

[74] Bartkowski D, Bartkowska A. Wear resistance in the soil of Stellite-6/WC

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**Chapter 14**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Building and Architecture

*Valentina Loganina and Yerkebulan Mazhitov*

Information is given on the strength of the coatings of cement concrete for the exterior walls of buildings. It was found that the strength of the coating depends on the quality of its appearance. A strength model is proposed depending on the surface roughness of the coating. The influence of the scale factor on the change in the strength of coatings is established. To assess the long-term strength of the coatings, we studied the temperature-time dependence of strength. The values of the activation energy of the destruction process of some coatings are experimentally determined. The dependence of the long-term strength of the coatings on tensions is given. The kinetics of changes in the short-term strength of coatings during aging is considered from the perspective of the kinetic concept of the strength of solids. The condition for coating cracking is obtained. Taking into account the influence of the scale factor and the conditions of brittle fracture of coatings, a method for

Construction and maintenance of buildings and structures require a large number of paints. The share of building paints and varnishes, including repair materials, accounts for up to 5–55% of the total volume of manufactured paints and varnishes, of which 46–48% are paints and 5–8% are varnishes. The main market share of

Currently, for the decoration of building facades, compositions based on polymer binders are widely used: water-dispersion, perchlorovinyl, organosilicon, polymer-cement, silicate paint, sol silicate, and polymer silicate paint [1–3]. The proportion of organosoluble products in the total consumer market of paints and varnishes has now stabilized at about 15%, and the share of water-dispersion

The problem of reliability and durability of protective and decorative coatings of the exterior walls of buildings is one of the urgent scientific and technical problems in the field of materials science [4, 5]. It is known that the durability of coatings depends on the type of binder, the technology of applying the paint composition,

Crack resistance is the main characteristic that characterizes the durability of finishing coatings. The main reasons for the occurrence of cracks are significant

Paints and Coatings

choosing the optimal coating thickness is proposed.

coatings is architectural and decorative coatings.

varnishes and paints is more than 60%.

operating conditions, etc. [6–8].

**255**

**Keywords:** coatings, structure, properties, coating strength, coating appearance quality, mathematical model of strength
