**4. Discussion**

*Global Warming and Climate Change*

**84**

**Table 2.**

**Figure 5.**

*TGA analysis of LFCO-5.*

**Table 1.**

the LFO towards favorable Cu doping.

*Calculations obtained from BET analysis about structural properties.*

*Lattice parameter and cell volume calculations inferred from XRD analysis.*

velocity was used) (**Figure 5**).

The information can be observed from **Table 2**, the prepared samples exhibited

TGA analysis results shown below proves that the catalyst is acting on the soot to reduce the carbon black particles in the controlled environment (here fixed air

similar morphology, relating to the pore size consisting of nano and spherical particles. That the Cu-doping did not significantly affect the morphology and particle size of sample. The decrease in the pore size signifies that the Cu ions have been inserted into the lattice. On the other hand the XRD shoes no distortion into the lattice, which in turn explains the possible structural acceptance capability of

The focus of the research is to dissect the problem of global warming by understanding scope doping of copper on the LFO structure, then to analyze the effect on the properties of the LFO and correlate them with the performance characteristics of the catalyst with the reaction of soot oxidation. Following the results, we are attempting to circumnavigate the altered properties of LFCO to the catalytical performance.

Firstly, no crystalline Cu peaks were observed and the congruent, perovskite phase formed in all cases (LFO-10Cu–LFO-30Cu). However, the amount of Cu doping in the inverse proportion with the intensity of diffraction peaks because it was broadening them.

> *Cell volume can be calculated for orthorhombic structure as V = abc. For the LFCO-10- (since a = c), V = (5.554^2)\*7.845 A°m^3 = 242.16 A°m^3 and so on Which gives the below inverse relation*

The cell volume of LaFe1-xCuxO3 is marginally smaller than that of LFO; this value decreased with increasing Cu doping.

We can observe the trend in the BET analysis when synthesized at maximum Cu doping concentration; the particles may have fused to form large convolutions, This may also explain the more significant pore volumes and sizes for the samples of LFO-10Cu and LFO-20Cu when compared with others [8]. Increasing pore volume is the indication of more room for oxygen ions to combine with carbon, following reaction will spread light on the intricacies of the steps involved. Now as we see in the culmination of discussion, we are relating how the catalyst could have acted on the UHC (soot) and where rate-limiting step where the most unstable species carbon trioxide is formed and exactly in that step the LFO-Cu will facilitate the conversion in the diesel particulate filter (DPF) It will lower the temperature required for reaction to attain 50% conversion. From the TGA, we could infer the temperature to be around 350°C which is significantly lower than 600°C observed in reality and 500°C observed in the 0.

The controlled environment of the TGA equipment.

The chemical aspects of soot oxidation as discussed earlier indicated a need for catalyst. Here we can infer from TGA data that indeed the 50% conversion temperature of the catalyzed reaction is near to the exhaust temperature of the diesel engine, which in turn follows the possibility of soot oxidation reaction in the DPFs. Once installed the catalyst will reduce the amount of soot exiting the exhaust. The decrease in soot

**Figure 6.** *Possible reaction mechanism and role of catalyst—soot oxidation.* emissions from diesel engines will reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, quantification of which can be extrapolated as 6 g hold per liter of diesel burnt.

As stated earlier, the formation of reactive carbon and oxidation of that species the basis of soot oxidation first order recombination reaction takes place,

$$\text{H} \ast \text{+OH} \ast \text{+C}\_{\text{(free)}} - \text{H}\_2\text{O} + \text{C}\_{\text{(reactive)}}$$

And concerning **Figure 6**, soot oxidation mainly involves the reaction of formation of CO2; soot oxidation is a slow process at high temperatures with relatively high activation energy (143 kJ/mol at average of 600°C) However due to increased surface activity of LFCO-20% it would be effective at the exhaust temperature itself (350°C). This would mean the catalyst is effective in converting soot to its subsequent oxides.
