Preface

## *The mouth is the mirror of the body's health.*

Oral diseases are one of the most common disorders among the various communicable and non-communicable health diseases. They pose a major health burden for many countries and affect people throughout their lifetime causing pain, discomfort, disfigurement, and even death. As per WHO, it is estimated that oral diseases affect nearly 3.5 billion people globally. In developing countries, the estimate could be even higher owing to the lack of awareness among the general public, the lack of adequate infrastructure, and less accessibility to oral health care providers, especially amongst people of lower socio-economic status.

The different diseases affecting the oral cavity include dental caries, gingival and periodontal diseases, microbial infections, oral cancer, autoimmune disorders, diseases of the salivary gland, cysts and tumors of odontogenic origin etc. Additionally, the oral cavity exhibits early manifestations of systemic diseases such as diabetes, HIV, as well as metastatic cancers from other sites. In such circumstances, the role of the dental clinician assumes significance owing to their ability to diagnose the condition early and implement appropriate management strategies.

Keeping this in mind, the aim of this book project is to provide an overview of various oral diseases with emphasis on the pathogenesis, investigation, and the management protocol of different oral and maxillofacial diseases. The book has been divided into sections based on the categorisation of oral lesions into gingival and periodontal diseases, oral oncology, endodontics, and oral surgical procedures with the objective of providing a comprehensive outline of the different chapters for the readers and clinicians alike.

**II**

**Chapter 8 105**

**Chapter 9 121**

**Chapter 10 133**

**Chapter 11 141**

Endodontics **161**

**Chapter 12 163**

**Chapter 13 179**

Oral Surgical Procedures **193**

**Chapter 14 195**

Non-Invasive Methods for Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer *by Manoela Garcia Dias da Conceição, Ana Cláudia Figueiró* 

Angiogenesis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The Role of Neck Dissection in Oral Cavity Carcinoma *by Alfredo Quintin Y. Pontejos Jr. and Daryl Anne A. del Mundo*

Modalities and State of Art in Oral Cancer Reconstruction

*by Jesús Mena Álvarez and Álvaro Zubizarreta Macho*

*by Viviane Ferreira Guimarães Xavier, Luiz Felipe Moreira, Daniel Guimarães Xavier, Juliana Guimarães Xavier* 

*by Biagio Rapone and Elisabetta Ferrara*

Applications of CBCT in Endodontics

Bioceramic Cements in Endodontics

Flap Techniques in Dentoalveolar Surgery

*by Randa Abdulmoein AlFotawi*

*and Whyrllene Steine*

**Section 4**

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in the Pathological

*and Vera Lucia Luiza*

*by Andres Chala*

**Section 3**

**Dr. Gokul Sridharan MDS, PhD, PGD (Medical Law and Ethics)** Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. G. D. Pol Foundation YMT Dental College and Hospital, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India

> **Dr. Anil Sukumaran BDS, MDS, PhD, FDS RCPS (Glas), FDS RCS (Ed), FICD, FPFA** Professor, Senior Consultant, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

#### **Dr. Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani**

Assistant Professor of Pediatric Dentistry BDS, MSc, PhD, International University for Science and Technology, Syria

**1**

Section 1

Gingival and Periodontal

Diseases
