Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey

*Ibrahim Yuksel, Omer Yuksek and Hasan Arman*

## **Abstract**

The aim of this chapter is to provide that hydroelectric energy production in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins which are selected as pilot region in Turkey. Hydroelectric energy has an important place in energy sector is generated from 26 main Basins in Turkey. Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins are very important water resource in Turkey. In this study, hydro energy potential for electricity generating has been investigated in Turkey and hydro energy potential determined for the selected small streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins by using hydro energy calculating methods.

**Keywords:** hydropower, energy potential, electricity generation, Sakarya Basin, Eastern Black Sea Basin, Turkey

## **1. Introduction**

The Energy Market Regulatory Agency (EMRA) has license fee exemption for renewable energy investors and the Turkish Electricity Trading Company, TETAS, can provide buying guarantees to renewable energy, further supporting inward investment.

In Turkey, present and future installed electricity capacity by energy sources is given in the **Table 1**. According to the projection, the share of hydro capacity will be


#### **Table 1.**

*Present and future installed electricity capacity by energy sources (MW) in Turkey.*


#### **Table 2.**

*Renewable energy supply in Turkey.*

#### **Figure 1.**

*Share of sources in electricity generation in 2020.*

highest with 37.4% and share of natural gas will be 32.6%. Renewable energy supply for at the present and in the future in Turkey is given in the **Table 2** [1–7] and the hare of sources in electricity generation in 2020 is given ın the **Figure 1**.

## **2. Hydropower capacity and hydropower development in Turkey**

In the last decade a lot of dams and small hydropower have been planned to build in Turkey in Eastern Black Sea and Sakarya Basins also. Most of them have been

**251**

respectively [8, 9].

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 3.**

method and it equations as follows:

and ր is 0.85 the N is calculated as:

*Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey*

already completed (for example Deriner Dam 669.60 MV in Artvin) and others under construction (for example Yusufeli Dam 558 MV in Yusufeli) in the eastern Black Sea region. Similarly, Adasu Small Hydropower (10 MV) has been completed and Akçay Dam (12 MV) under construction in Pamukova in Sakarya Basin.

ity, switchgear, and all other equipment for the turbine hall [8].

*Hydropower capacity and additions, top six countries for capacity added, 2013.*

**3. Calculation method of hydroelectric potential**

On the other hand, in the last two decades a lot of dams and small hydropower (SHP) either completed or under construction in Turkey. State Hydraulic Works (DSI) provided equipment for the 140 MW Kigi project in Turkey, including three 46.6 MW turbines with pre-turbine gate valves, three generators of the same capac-

**Figures 2** and **3** show hydropower global capacity, shares of top six countries and hydropower capacity and additions, top six countries for capacity added, 2013

There are different methods for calculating hydroelectric energy. Since the amount of energy depends mostly on the water drop and water discharge values it is decided to use the method which is mentioned from some literatures [10, 11]. The

The equation, N = γ\*H\*Q, N = 9.81\*H\*Q\* ր (ր = 0.85–0.92) can be written for N

N = γ ∗ H ∗ Q (1)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91625*

*Hydropower global capacity, shares of top six countries, 2013.*

*Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91625*

#### **Figure 2.**

*Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications*

**Primary energy supply**

**Generation**

**Table 2.**

**Total final consumption**

*Renewable energy supply in Turkey.*

*Share of sources in electricity generation in 2020.*

**Renewable energy sources 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020**

Hydropower (ktoe) 2656 4067 4903 7060 9419 Geothermal, solar and wind (ktoe) 978 1683 2896 4242 6397 Biomass and waste (ktoe) 6457 5325 4416 4001 3925 Renewable energy production (ktoe) 10,091 11,074 12,215 15,303 19,741 Share of total domestic production (%) 38 48 33 29 30 Share of TPES (%) 12 12 10 9 9

Hydropower (GWh) 30,879 47,287 57,009 82,095 109,524 Geothermal, solar and wind (GWh) 109 490 5274 7020 8766 Renewable energy generation (GWh) 30,988 47,777 62,283 89,115 118,290 Share of total generation (%) 25 29 26 25 25

Geothermal, solar and wind (ktoe) 910 1385 2145 3341 5346 Biomass and waste (ktoe) 6457 5325 4416 4001 3925 Renewable total consumption (ktoe) 7367 6710 6561 7342 9271 Share of total final consumption (%) 12 10 7 6 6

**250**

**Figure 1.**

highest with 37.4% and share of natural gas will be 32.6%. Renewable energy supply for at the present and in the future in Turkey is given in the **Table 2** [1–7] and the

In the last decade a lot of dams and small hydropower have been planned to build

hare of sources in electricity generation in 2020 is given ın the **Figure 1**.

**2. Hydropower capacity and hydropower development in Turkey**

in Turkey in Eastern Black Sea and Sakarya Basins also. Most of them have been

*Hydropower global capacity, shares of top six countries, 2013.*

**Figure 3.** *Hydropower capacity and additions, top six countries for capacity added, 2013.*

already completed (for example Deriner Dam 669.60 MV in Artvin) and others under construction (for example Yusufeli Dam 558 MV in Yusufeli) in the eastern Black Sea region. Similarly, Adasu Small Hydropower (10 MV) has been completed and Akçay Dam (12 MV) under construction in Pamukova in Sakarya Basin.

On the other hand, in the last two decades a lot of dams and small hydropower (SHP) either completed or under construction in Turkey. State Hydraulic Works (DSI) provided equipment for the 140 MW Kigi project in Turkey, including three 46.6 MW turbines with pre-turbine gate valves, three generators of the same capacity, switchgear, and all other equipment for the turbine hall [8].

**Figures 2** and **3** show hydropower global capacity, shares of top six countries and hydropower capacity and additions, top six countries for capacity added, 2013 respectively [8, 9].

## **3. Calculation method of hydroelectric potential**

There are different methods for calculating hydroelectric energy. Since the amount of energy depends mostly on the water drop and water discharge values it is decided to use the method which is mentioned from some literatures [10, 11]. The method and it equations as follows:

$$\mathbf{N} = \mathbf{y} \ast \mathbf{H} \ast \mathbf{Q} \tag{1}$$

The equation, N = γ\*H\*Q, N = 9.81\*H\*Q\* ր (ր = 0.85–0.92) can be written for N and ր is 0.85 the N is calculated as:

$$\mathbf{N} = \mathbf{8} \ast \mathbf{H} \ast \mathbf{Q} \tag{2}$$

and then E is calculated as:

$$\mathbf{E} = \mathbf{N} \* \mathbf{24} \* \mathbf{36} \mathbf{5} \tag{3}$$

In these equations:

N = Power (tm/s), (1 tm/s= 9.81 kW = 13.3 HP) and it goes to (kW, MV, GW)

γ = Specific weight (t/m3 )

H = Water drop (head of water) (m)

Q =Water discharge (m3 /s)

E = Energy value of water resource (kWh, MWh, GWh)

## **4. Hydro energy potential for electricity generating on Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins**

## **4.1 Water resources and hydro energy capacity in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins**

Out of 26 main basins, Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins are very important about hydro energy potential in Turkey.

In 2016, Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins have 63.358 km<sup>2</sup> and 22.845 km2 area and 5.16 km3 and 16.46 km3 annual average flow respectively.

In this study, some streams which are observed their water discharge and the others hydraulics and hydrological characteristic were selected in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins [12, 13].

When considered the alternative energy resources, hydroelectric generation is not generally achieved in Turkey, especially in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins. However, with some laws and regulations enacted, in many activities and opportunities such as construction, production and distribution related to investments carried out exclusively by the Turkish Government, but private sectors have not used enough these opportunities yet. Therefore, by using these facilities well, it will be possible for the private sector to close the energy gap in Turkey or to minimize it by evaluating the river resources in the region [14]. In this study, some small streams have been selected and their hydro energy potential determined for Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins in Turkey.

### **4.2 Hydroelectric values for selected small streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins**

There are three types of potential which are gross (theoretical) potential, technical potential and economical potential [12, 15, 16].

Economical potential in generally depends on some geological and technical conditions such as geographical structure of basin, technical team and equipment facilities etc. To calculate of hydropower potential for selected streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins the equations 1, 2 and 3 are used.

Hydroelectric Power (N) and hydroelectric energy (E) have been calculated by using this method. Hydroelectric power and hydroelectric energy values for selected streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins are given in the **Tables 3** and **4** respectively.

**253**

*Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey*

**Water drop (head of water) (H), m**

Kocasu - Rustumkoy 17.9 198 3013 260

Total 19,938 1722

Iskefiye Stream 1.3 535 5.564 48.74 Sana Stream 1.5 455 5.460 47.83 Orta Stream 1.05 285 2.394 20.97 Horyan Stream 1.12 230 2.061 18.05 Canakci Stream 2.36 405 7.646 66.98 Yanbolu Stream 4.90 60 2.352 20.60 Kalyan Stream 2.45 135 2.646 23.18 Fol Stream 2.91 155 3.608 31.61 Kucuk Stream 2.34 110 2.059 18.04 Durana Stream 1.71 90 1.231 10.79 Kadiralak Stream 2.90 135 3.132 27.44 Manahoz Stream 4.98 65 2.590 22.68 Baltaci Stream. 5.72 75 3.432 30.06 Altıntas Stream 4.11 95 3.124 27.36 Acisu Stream 1.56 155 1.934 16.95 Akhisar Stream 1.60 105 1.344 11.77 Solakli Stream 2.13 105 1.789 15.67 Holo Stream 2.65 95 2.014 17.64 Askaroz Stream 6.26 105 5.258 46.06 Kokasor Stream 4.03 105 3.385 29.65 Pilahoz Stream 2.50 95 1.900 16.64 Potomya Stream 0.84 145 974 8.54 Hako Stream 0.83 105 697 6.11 Hongra Stream. 0.36 105 302 2.65 Buyuk Stream 1.56 105 1.310 11.48 Vanazit Stream. 2.56 70 1.434 12.56

**Average water drop (altitude) (m)**

*Hydroelectric power and hydroelectric values for selected streams in the Sakarya Basin.*

**/s)**

**Average water discharge (m3**

**Hydroelectric power (kW)**

> **Hydroelectric power (kW)**

121 41 4217 364

7.19 837 5115 442

13.3 505 5709 493

7.75 286 1884 163

**Hydroelectric energy (GWh)**

> **Hydroelectric energy (GWh)**

**Water discharge (Q ), m3 /s**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91625*

**Stream and station** 

**name**

Sakarya River - Dogancay

Sakarya River - Aktas

Aladağ Stream - Karakoy

Mudurnu Stream - Dokurcun

**Name of selected small stream**

**Table 3.**

*Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91625*


#### **Table 3.**

*Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications*

and then E is calculated as:

In these equations:

γ = Specific weight (t/m3

Q =Water discharge (m3

**Black Sea Basins**

area and 5.16 km3

H = Water drop (head of water) (m)

**and Eastern Black Sea Basins**

about hydro energy potential in Turkey.

and Eastern Black Sea Basins in Turkey.

**and Eastern Black Sea Basins**

**Tables 3** and **4** respectively.

Eastern Black Sea Basins [12, 13].

and 16.46 km3

)

/s) E = Energy value of water resource (kWh, MWh, GWh)

N = 8 ∗ H ∗ Q (2)

E = N ∗ 24 ∗ 365 (3)

and 22.845 km2

N = Power (tm/s), (1 tm/s= 9.81 kW = 13.3 HP) and it goes to (kW, MV, GW)

**4. Hydro energy potential for electricity generating on Sakarya** 

**4.1 Water resources and hydro energy capacity in Sakarya and Eastern** 

In 2016, Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins have 63.358 km<sup>2</sup>

**4.2 Hydroelectric values for selected small streams in the Sakarya** 

technical potential and economical potential [12, 15, 16].

There are three types of potential which are gross (theoretical) potential,

Economical potential in generally depends on some geological and technical conditions such as geographical structure of basin, technical team and equipment facilities etc. To calculate of hydropower potential for selected streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins the equations 1, 2 and 3 are used.

Hydroelectric Power (N) and hydroelectric energy (E) have been calculated by using this method. Hydroelectric power and hydroelectric energy values for selected streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins are given in the

Out of 26 main basins, Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins are very important

In this study, some streams which are observed their water discharge and the others hydraulics and hydrological characteristic were selected in the Sakarya and

When considered the alternative energy resources, hydroelectric generation is not generally achieved in Turkey, especially in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins. However, with some laws and regulations enacted, in many activities and opportunities such as construction, production and distribution related to investments carried out exclusively by the Turkish Government, but private sectors have not used enough these opportunities yet. Therefore, by using these facilities well, it will be possible for the private sector to close the energy gap in Turkey or to minimize it by evaluating the river resources in the region [14]. In this study, some small streams have been selected and their hydro energy potential determined for Sakarya

annual average flow respectively.

**252**

*Hydroelectric power and hydroelectric values for selected streams in the Sakarya Basin.*



#### **Table 4.**

*Hydroelectric power and hydroelectric values for selected streams in the Eastern Black Sea Basin (some data are from [17]).*

## **5. Conclusion**

In this study shows that Turkey has abundant hydropower energy sources and great renewable energy potential and is keen to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels by increasing its use of renewable energy resources. The hydropower sector is a good example of the increasing interest in generation of electricity with renewable resources. It is expected that the Government will call for tenders for hydropower licenses.

It is well known that the environmental impacts of hydro plants are minimal compared with alternative resources. They make use of our renewable "green energy" resource, without causing pollution. It is not enough for governments to support the development of renewable energy technologies. They must also support their commercial application in the country.

On the other hand, hydroelectric facilities are very valuable resources in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins, which has a great potential due to meteorological, topographic, hydraulics and hydrological conditions. Using this potential, the economic situation of people most of whom are unemployed and poor and live rural areas will be significantly improved.

Since small hydropower plants are river type hydropower plants, small hydropower potential should be used in the country especially in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins. Because river type power plants are superior than the other plants, this type plants have not only cost and operational features but also good environmental effects.

**255**

*Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91625*

d difference between ranks

n number of data R rank value S Sen's slope

x denotes the variable

ti the number of ties of length (m). Z the statistic S is then standardized

S statistic V variance

i and j indices b median Sk TWh terra watt hour GWh giga watt hour MWh mega watt hour kW kilo watt

**Author details**

Ibrahim Yuksel1

Al-Ain, UAE

University, Trabzon, Turkey

\*, Omer Yuksek<sup>2</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: yukseli2000@yahoo.com

Istanbul Rumeli University, Istanbul, Turkey

provided the original work is properly cited.

and Hasan Arman3

1 Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering,

2 Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical

3 College of Science, Geology Department, United Arab Emirates University,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

### **List of symbols and abbreviations**


*Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91625*


## **Author details**

*Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications*

**Average water discharge (m3**

**/s)**

**Average water drop (altitude) (m)**

Zekere Stream 1.85 105 1.554 13.61 Kizilev Stream 6.34 105 5.326 46.65 Koyunham Stream 1.47 105 1.235 10.82 Baltama Stream 1.76 105 1.478 12.95 Tokmadin Stream 1.28 245 2.509 21.98 Bal Stream 0.67 155 831 7.28 Catalcam Stream 0.89 125 890 7.80 Kirikli Stream 0.80 95 6.08 5.33 Yagli Stream 13.01 55 5.724 50.15 Total 89.798 786.61

**Hydroelectric power (kW)**

**Hydroelectric energy (GWh)**

**Name of selected small stream**

their commercial application in the country.

areas will be significantly improved.

**List of symbols and abbreviations**

E energy value (kgm) N power (kgm/s) γ specific weight (kg/m3

Q water discharge (m3

H head of water drop (m)

ր efficiency factor of turbine (%)

In this study shows that Turkey has abundant hydropower energy sources and great renewable energy potential and is keen to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels by increasing its use of renewable energy resources. The hydropower sector is a good example of the increasing interest in generation of electricity with renewable resources. It is expected that the Government will call for tenders for hydropower

*Hydroelectric power and hydroelectric values for selected streams in the Eastern Black Sea Basin (some data are* 

It is well known that the environmental impacts of hydro plants are minimal compared with alternative resources. They make use of our renewable "green energy" resource, without causing pollution. It is not enough for governments to support the development of renewable energy technologies. They must also support

On the other hand, hydroelectric facilities are very valuable resources in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins, which has a great potential due to meteorological, topographic, hydraulics and hydrological conditions. Using this potential, the economic situation of people most of whom are unemployed and poor and live rural

Since small hydropower plants are river type hydropower plants, small hydropower potential should be used in the country especially in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins. Because river type power plants are superior than the other plants, this type plants have not only cost and operational features but also good environ-

)

/s)

**254**

**5. Conclusion**

**Table 4.**

*from [17]).*

licenses.

mental effects.

Ibrahim Yuksel1 \*, Omer Yuksek<sup>2</sup> and Hasan Arman3

1 Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Rumeli University, Istanbul, Turkey

2 Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

3 College of Science, Geology Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE

\*Address all correspondence to: yukseli2000@yahoo.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[14] Yuksel I. Investigation of Hydraulic and Hydrological Properties of River for Designing of Small and Medium Fall Hydroelectric Power Plants in Sakarya Basin. Sakarya, Turkey: Sakarya University, Scientific Research Coordinator. Final Report; 2007

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[17] Serencam U. The analysis of the hydropower potential of small streams in the Eastern Black Sea Region [M.Sc. Thesis]. Sakarya, Turkey: Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sakarya University; 2007

**257**

Section 5

Geothermal Energy
