**4.1 Comparsion of angular changes in knee joint in sagittal plane**

The values of the range of angular changes in the knee are presented in figures 3-7 in three planes of motion (saggital, frontal and transverse), in patients before and after knee arthroplasty. The grey ribbon in each diagram shows the variability of the results in the healthy population (the mean + 2sd). In the saggital plane, both in the operated and unoperated leg, a limitation of the knee extension at the stance phase is distinctly marked in the 1st and 2nd examination, while insufficient flexion can be noticed at the swing phase. (Fig. 3)


Normalised (percent) – normalised time of the gait cycle (in percentages)

Norm – angular changes during normal gait in the comparative group (mean value±SD)

Gait Analysis in Patients with Gonarthrosis Treated by Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) 53

genu varum is marked during the mid stance, intial swing and mid swing periods. After the procedure, genu varum deteriorated during mid stance period; however, it improved

As a result of the disease external rotation is marked on the operated side during the initial contact and loading response periods and throughout the swing phase. After the treatment, on the other hand, the crus undergoes external rotation throughout the stance phase and the

Distinct external rotation appeared on the unoperated side throughout the gait cycle, crus

**4.3 Comparsion of angular changes in knee joint in transversal plane** 

rotation occurred after the procedure towards proper internal rotation (Fig. 5).

during the swing period (Fig. 4).

internal rotation is insufficient at the swing phase.

Ext – external rotation, Int – internal rotation

(Fig. 6).

Fig. 5. Angular changes in the knee joints in the transversal plane

**4.4 Comparsion of angular changes in ankle joint in sagittal plane** 

The 1st and 2nd examinations revealed that the position of the ankle joints was correct at the stance phase, while no plantar flexion of the joints occurred during the preswing period

Fig. 3. Angular changes in the knee joints in the sagittal plane

#### **4.2 Comparsion of angular changes in knee joint in frontal plane**

During the 1st examination excessive genu varum is revealed at the stance and swing phases. After the procedure this position changes slightly. On the operated side, increased

Var – varus knee, Val – valgus knee

Fig. 4. Angular changes in the knee joints in the frontal plane

Fig. 3. Angular changes in the knee joints in the sagittal plane

Fig. 4. Angular changes in the knee joints in the frontal plane

Var – varus knee, Val – valgus knee

**4.2 Comparsion of angular changes in knee joint in frontal plane** 

During the 1st examination excessive genu varum is revealed at the stance and swing phases. After the procedure this position changes slightly. On the operated side, increased

genu varum is marked during the mid stance, intial swing and mid swing periods. After the procedure, genu varum deteriorated during mid stance period; however, it improved during the swing period (Fig. 4).
