**1. Introduction**

International health security (IHS), also referred to as "global health security" or "public health security," consists of topics that are directly or indirectly tied to the wellbeing of humankind and broadly understood "safety from harm" [1]. First outlined

by the United Nations in 1994, the definition of "health security" continues to be nebulous, with somewhat of an incomplete overlap between the primary domains of "health" and "security" [2]. Thus, some controversy exists regarding both the degree of overlap and its precise context. In general, more recent IHS applications pertain to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and the threat of bioterrorism (BT) [3, 4]; however, the primary domain can be defined much more broadly when one considers the potential impact of various human-made and non-human-made events or factors on "health security" from the global health (GH) governance perspective [5–8]. Within the latter subset, a number of important topics emerge, including climate change, nuclear incidents, and misuse of global media platforms (both traditional and nontraditional) to disseminate medical (and public health-related) misinformation [9–11]. This summative assessment provides a high-level overview of issues that have the potential to directly or indirectly impact IHS. It was compiled specifically to reflect and highlight the perspective of Academic International Medicine (AIM) as previously defined by the American College of Academic International Medicine (ACAIM) [12].
