**Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi**

Academic Research Collaborator with the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom

> Independent Consultant in Neuroradiology, PhD University Paris Diderot and Neuri Beaujon, France

> > **Rufai Ahmad and Auwal Abdullahi**

Bayero University, Nigeria

**1**

Section 1

Introduction

**Amit Agrawal** Narayana Medical College and Hospital, India

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

*Kyoungjoo Cho*

cence and the changes in the SASPs.

secretory phenotype, endothelial cells

**1. Introduction**

Aging, Cerebrovascular Burden,

Brain function is supported by the cerebrovascular system, and changes in vascular phenotype and function through aging process make the brain more susceptible to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly cognitive decline. Correspondingly, the incidence of dementia and the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases have also increased. In aging, the vessels have been exposed to the inflammatory state by harmful factors referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Aging is a complex process that is associated with accumulated cellular stresses and an increased stress response. The aging in the brain includes structural and functional changes, which cause brain pathologies in the elderly. Particularly, damaged neurovascular event can be a consequent trigger in the pathology of vascular cognitive impairment. This chapter introduces the current knowledge on cognitive decline according to cerebrovascular aging relevant to endothelial senes-

**Keywords:** aging, cerebrovascular, cognitive impairment, senescence-associated

Aging is a complex process that is associated with an accumulation of the effects of cellular stresses and an increased stress response. The aging in the brain includes structural and functional changes, which together cause brain pathologies in the elderly. These changes are also thought to be critical risk factors in the development of cognitive disorders [1, 2]. It is well known that the cerebrovascular system supports brain function [3]. Vascular phenotypic and functional changes caused by aging make the brain more susceptible to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly to cognitive decline [4]. Dysregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is one factor in the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) [5]. However, definition, diagnostic criteria, and treatments for VCI have not been firmly established. Thus, strategies in translational medicine and the clinical approach to VCI patients and the current aged society need to be established. This is because according to the World Alzheimer Report 2015, it was estimated that 46.8 million people worldwide suffer from dementia, and this number is expected to increase to 74.7 million by 2030 and 131.5 million by 2050 [6]. The report also stated that the incidence of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), will increase by 45%. As a result of the increase in the size of the aging population, the incidence of dementia and the onset or prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases

and Cognitive Decline
