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*New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases - An Updated Comprehensive Review*

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Section 7

Healing

**277**

Section 7 Healing

**Chapter 16**

**Abstract**

survivors' quality of life.

immunomodulation

**1. Introduction**

4.17 to 5.29% [2].

**279**

Available Therapeutics after

Morbidity and mortality after a cerebrovascular event have increased during the past few years, even after extensive efforts have been made concerning research in prevention, acute treatment, pharmacotherapy, revascularization, and rehabilitation. The functional deficits that arise from an ischemic event are related to the increasing chronic disability that results from lower mortality rates. More people are becoming chronically disabled; currently, as much as 90% of survivors are affected and face difficulties to continue with daily life activities. In this chapter, we briefly review the pathophysiology of ischemia and immediate clinical attention to

the event. We argue about the need to seek new pharmacological and nonpharmacological alternatives and discuss the most representative in the field of neuroprotection and neurorestoration. In addition, we review the most relevant dietetic strategies and physical rehabilitation therapies, all aimed at improving the

**Keywords:** cerebral ischemia, neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, rehabilitation,

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains the second cause of death worldwide [1], despite showing a mortality rate reduction of 1.19% [2]; only in 2017, there were 6 million 167, 291 deaths; 1, 291,000 more with respect to 1997. During the same period, the survival rate increased by 0.02%; this caused an increment in the disability-adjusted life years percentage (DALYs), which went from

Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that stroke represents the third cause of permanent adult disability worldwide [3], and is present in 90% of survivors. Motor deficits after stroke account for the high rates of longlasting disability. The most common impairments are related to speech, or language and communication disorders (aphasia and dysphasia), apraxia [4], swallowing, depression, cognitive impairment, and hemiparesis of the contralateral limb [5] characterized by muscle weakness or spasticity in distal rather than proximal muscles [6]. These deficits ultimately cause chronic disability, affecting the ability to

a Stroke: Current and

Promising Options

*María Yolanda Cruz Martínez,*

*José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias*

*Karla Alejandra Cantú Saldaña and*
