Apulo-Calabrese Pig

*Riccardo Bozzi, Maurizio Gallo, Claudia Geraci, Luca Fontanesi and Nina Batorek-Lukač*

#### **Abstract**

The aim of the present chapter is to present history and current status of Apulo-Calabrese pig breed, one of the local pig breeds investigated in the project TREASURE. Apulo-Calabrese breed is one of the Italian autochthonous pig breeds. Its origin dates back to the Roman times, but it suffered a drastic decline during the past century and the recovery started in the 1990s. A herd book for this breed was established in 2001, but its performances and products are practically untapped. There are 45 registered farms with around 500 breeding sows and 100 boars. Apulo-Calabrese pig is characterised by black coat colour. On average sows of Apulo-Calabrese pig breed have 1.7 litters per year with 6.9 piglets. Regarding growth performances, the potential of Apulo-Calabrese pigs in ad libitum conditions of feeding is high (≈762 g/day in middle fattening stage) although information on feed intake and feed nutritional value was scarce, which limits the evaluation of growth potential. Data on body composition, carcass traits and meat and fat quality are scarce. The present review gives a first insight into this local pig breed.

**Keywords:** traditional European breed, TREASURE, productive traits, phenotype, Italy

#### **1. History and the current status of the breed (census)**

The Apulo-Calabrese is a breed of black domestic pig from Calabria, in Southern Italy [1]. Census of the Apulo-Calabrese pig breed is presented in **Figure 1**. Presently, there are 45 registered farms of Apulo-Calabrese pigs with about 489 breeding sows and 93 boars in the latest available status (August 2015 [2]). From the historical point of view, already in pre-Roman times, the migratory flows from Central Italy to the South favoured the spread of pig breeding along the Apennine ridges [3]. The Apulo-Calabrese breed is, therefore, a swine population that has been established over the centuries and has spread with the transhumance of the flocks on the road routes dating back to Roman times [3]. In the past century, black coat pigs, capable of using poor food resources, were present along the Apennine foothills. The abandonment of the lands and the uncontrolled introduction of cosmopolitan breeds provoked a rapid decline of this breed too, until, eventually in the 1990s, a recovery action started [3, 4]. The conservation programme has progressively been consolidated, and the herd book was established in 2001 [5].

**Figure 1.**

*Census of Apulo-Calabrese pig breed, presenting a number of sows and boars per year, starting with the year of heard book establishment.*

### **2. Exterior phenotypic characteristics**

The Apulo-Calabrese pig breed morphology information is summarised in **Table 1**. It is medium- to small-sized breed with plain black coat colour (**Figures 2** and **3**). The bristles are black, straight, robust and longer in the dorsal region even if white spots on the lower extremities of the legs are allowed [3, 5]. Long and thin snout with a straight head profile, droopy ears projected forwards and a straight tail [3, 5]. Not less than ten nipples normal and well pronounced [5].


#### **Table 1.**

*Summary of morphology information on Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

**67**

**Table 2.**

(ANAS)

Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Suini

*Apulo-Calabrese Pig*

**Figure 3.**

*Apulo-Calabrese boar.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83760*

**3. Geographical location and production system**

The Apulo-Calabrese breed is present in the southern regions of Italy with the primary concentration of herds in Calabria, Basilicata and Lazio. The breed has been recovered by a regional agricultural development company, which had kept a few animals in a structure located in the municipality of Acri in the province of Cosenza. A not insignificant quantity of Calabrian black pigs was always present in the area of Polsi (Aspromonte) where it is still grazed-free, fed mainly with acorns and chestnuts. Currently, the breed has a recovery, albeit slow, thanks to some small Calabrian pig farms, mostly family-run, with the relative production of its precious sausages. The breed is maintained mainly by peasant farming system using the agroforestry practices. Most of the animals are kept continuously confined, and the basic heat protections are available even if the housing parts are not completely climate controlled.

**4. Organisations for breeding, monitoring and conservation**

The Italian Pig Breeders Association (ANAS) is responsible for monitoring the breeds, controlling the "registry" that represents the tool for the conservation of breeds not interested in a national selection scheme. The activity is aimed at the conservation of the breed with particular regard to the maintenance of genetic variability while promoting economic exploitation. A private association (Associazione Nero di Calabria) founded with the aim of enhancing, promoting and protecting the products and breeders of the Apulo-Calabrese is also present. The association also aims to expand the culture and tradition of all those typical products of Calabria derived from the transformation of the black pig. In January 2007 the "Consortium for the protection of Calabria PDO cured meats", a nonprofit organism that carries out functions of protection, control, promotion, development, customer information and general interests for Calabria PDO-cured meats, was also established (**Table 2**).

**Name of organisation Address Web address**

Italy

(CS), Italy

Associazione Nero di Calabria C.da Taverna snc, 87,040 Paterno Calabro

*Contact details of breeding organisation for Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

Via Lazzaro Spallanzani 4, 00161 Rome,

www.anas.it

—

**Figure 2.** *Apulo-Calabrese sow with piglets.*

**Figure 3.** *Apulo-Calabrese boar.*

The Apulo-Calabrese pig breed morphology information is summarised in **Table 1**. It is medium- to small-sized breed with plain black coat colour (**Figures 2** and **3**). The bristles are black, straight, robust and longer in the dorsal region even if white spots on the lower extremities of the legs are allowed [3, 5]. Long and thin snout with a straight head profile, droopy ears projected forwards and a straight tail

**Measurement (average) Adult male Adult female** Body weight (kg) 150 130

Head length (cm) 32–48 32–48 Ear length Large Large Chest girth (cm) 120–134 125–133 Height at withers (cm) 72–82 71–79 Number of teats 13 13

(cm) 130–145 130–142

*Census of Apulo-Calabrese pig breed, presenting a number of sows and boars per year, starting with the year of* 

[3, 5]. Not less than ten nipples normal and well pronounced [5].

**2. Exterior phenotypic characteristics**

*Measured from the tip of the nose to the starting point of the tail.*

*Summary of morphology information on Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

**Figure 1.**

*heard book establishment.*

Body length1

*1*

**Table 1.**

**66**

**Figure 2.**

*Apulo-Calabrese sow with piglets.*

### **3. Geographical location and production system**

The Apulo-Calabrese breed is present in the southern regions of Italy with the primary concentration of herds in Calabria, Basilicata and Lazio. The breed has been recovered by a regional agricultural development company, which had kept a few animals in a structure located in the municipality of Acri in the province of Cosenza. A not insignificant quantity of Calabrian black pigs was always present in the area of Polsi (Aspromonte) where it is still grazed-free, fed mainly with acorns and chestnuts. Currently, the breed has a recovery, albeit slow, thanks to some small Calabrian pig farms, mostly family-run, with the relative production of its precious sausages. The breed is maintained mainly by peasant farming system using the agroforestry practices. Most of the animals are kept continuously confined, and the basic heat protections are available even if the housing parts are not completely climate controlled.

#### **4. Organisations for breeding, monitoring and conservation**

The Italian Pig Breeders Association (ANAS) is responsible for monitoring the breeds, controlling the "registry" that represents the tool for the conservation of breeds not interested in a national selection scheme. The activity is aimed at the conservation of the breed with particular regard to the maintenance of genetic variability while promoting economic exploitation. A private association (Associazione Nero di Calabria) founded with the aim of enhancing, promoting and protecting the products and breeders of the Apulo-Calabrese is also present. The association also aims to expand the culture and tradition of all those typical products of Calabria derived from the transformation of the black pig. In January 2007 the "Consortium for the protection of Calabria PDO cured meats", a nonprofit organism that carries out functions of protection, control, promotion, development, customer information and general interests for Calabria PDO-cured meats, was also established (**Table 2**).


**Table 2.**

*Contact details of breeding organisation for Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

#### **5. Productive performance**

#### **5.1 Reproductive traits**

The basic data obtained on reproductive traits in this review are presented in **Table 3**. The average age of sows at the first parturition varies from 13 to 23.5 months of age [1, 10], whereas, according to ANAS heard book data, age at culling is 52.3 months [2]. Sows of Apulo-Calabrese pig breed have 1.2–2.2 litters per year [1, 7, 9, 11] with 6.1–8.0 piglets [2, 6, 7, 11] of approximately 1.0 kg live body weight [1, 6, 11, 13]. Stillborn percentage of piglets varies from 6.2 to 7.1% [2, 6, 11], whereas piglet mortality rate until weaning in the considered studies ranged from 8.6 to 20.8% [2, 6, 7, 11]. Duration of lactation is prolonged in comparison to modern intensive systems (to 40 days [11]), which leads to a longer farrowing interval (171–300 days [1, 7, 9, 11]) but variable piglet weaning weight (3.4–8.1 kg [11, 13]).

#### **5.2 Growth performance**

The basic data on growth performance obtained in this review are presented in **Tables 4** and **5**. Due to big differences between studies with regard to the live weight range covered, we defined the stages for growth performance as lactation (regardless of how long it was), growing stage (from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight) and early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole fattening stage (defined as overall) or even from birth to slaughter (defined as birth–slaughter, which is often calculated from the data given on live weight and age of pigs). It should also be noted that a big part of the collected studies simulated practical conditions of the production systems used and that only a smaller part of the studies aimed at evaluating the breed potential for growth. In the considered studies, a daily gain in the early growing stage that corresponds to lactation period varied from 134 to 155 g/day [9, 11]. Generally, growing and fattening stages are characterised by slower growth, but also high variability, especially in fattening stage, among studies can be observed. The average daily gain in growing stage was approximately 280 g/day, whereas in overall fattening stage, it ranges from 300 to 706 g/day [1, 9, 11, 14]. In the context of the evaluation of growth performance, it is also of interest to observe the extreme values, because it can be assumed that the maximum figures exhibit the growth potentials of Apulo-Calabrese pigs in ad libitum conditions of feeding (≈762 g/day in middle fattening stage [14]).

The information on feed intake and feed nutritional value were reported only in one study conducted on Apulo-Calabrese pigs, which limits the evaluation of their growth potential. Average daily feed intake reported was 2.2 kg/day in early fattening stage and 3.6 kg/day in the late fattening stage (declared as ad libitum feeding [14]).

#### **5.3 Body composition and carcass traits**

The basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered carcass traits that could be compared are presented in **Table 6**. Pigs of the Apulo-Calabrese breed were slaughtered at approximately 336 days of age [14] and 149 or 175 kg live weight [1, 14]. Approximately 81.1% dressing yield [1, 14] and only 44.8% lean meat content (SEUROP classification [14]) is reported in Apulo-Calabrese pigs. Accordingly, relatively high backfat thickness of 68 mm at the withers and 48 mm at the level of the last rib was measured [14]. No other data providing measurements of muscularity were found in considered studies.

**69**

**Reference**

[1] [2]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10] [11]

[12]

[13]

*No. = number, mth = month, d = days.*

**Table 3.**

*Summary of collected literature data on reproduction traits in Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

13.0

—

—

—

—

—

23.5

—

—

—

—

—

1.2

—

—

3.4

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

2.1

7.1

1.3

6.3

19.9

8.1

40.1

171

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

2.2

—

—

—

—

—

—

174

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

1.3

8.0

—

—

20.8

—

—

281

—

6.1

1.0

7.1

13.2

—

—

—

—

—

6.3

—

6.2

8.6

—

—

—

52.3

1.2

—

0.6

—

—

—

—

300

—

**Sow age at the first parturition (mth)**

**Litters per sow per year**

**No. of piglets alive per litter**

**Piglet live weight (kg)**

**Stillborn per litter (%)**

**Mortality at weaning (%)**

**Piglet weaning weight (kg)**

**Duration of lactation (d)**

**Farrowing interval (d)**

**Sow age at culling (mth)**

*Apulo-Calabrese Pig*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83760*


#### *Apulo-Calabrese Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83760*

*European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE*

The basic data obtained on reproductive traits in this review are presented in **Table 3**. The average age of sows at the first parturition varies from 13 to 23.5 months of age [1, 10], whereas, according to ANAS heard book data, age at culling is 52.3 months [2]. Sows of Apulo-Calabrese pig breed have 1.2–2.2 litters per year [1, 7, 9, 11] with 6.1–8.0 piglets [2, 6, 7, 11] of approximately 1.0 kg live body weight [1, 6, 11, 13]. Stillborn percentage of piglets varies from 6.2 to 7.1% [2, 6, 11], whereas piglet mortality rate until weaning in the considered studies ranged from 8.6 to 20.8% [2, 6, 7, 11]. Duration of lactation is prolonged in comparison to modern intensive systems (to 40 days [11]), which leads to a longer farrowing interval (171–300 days [1, 7, 9, 11]) but variable piglet weaning weight (3.4–8.1 kg [11, 13]).

The basic data on growth performance obtained in this review are presented in **Tables 4** and **5**. Due to big differences between studies with regard to the live weight range covered, we defined the stages for growth performance as lactation (regardless of how long it was), growing stage (from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight) and early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole fattening stage (defined as overall) or even from birth to slaughter (defined as birth–slaughter, which is often calculated from the data given on live weight and age of pigs). It should also be noted that a big part of the collected studies simulated practical conditions of the production systems used and that only a smaller part of the studies aimed at evaluating the breed potential for growth. In the considered studies, a daily gain in the early growing stage that corresponds to lactation period varied from 134 to 155 g/day [9, 11]. Generally, growing and fattening stages are characterised by slower growth, but also high variability, especially in fattening stage, among studies can be observed. The average daily gain in growing stage was approximately 280 g/day, whereas in overall fattening stage, it ranges from 300 to 706 g/day [1, 9, 11, 14]. In the context of the evaluation of growth performance, it is also of interest to observe the extreme values, because it can be assumed that the maximum figures exhibit the growth potentials of Apulo-Calabrese pigs in ad

libitum conditions of feeding (≈762 g/day in middle fattening stage [14]).

The basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered carcass traits that could be compared are presented in **Table 6**. Pigs of the Apulo-Calabrese breed were slaughtered at approximately 336 days of age [14] and 149 or 175 kg live weight [1, 14]. Approximately 81.1% dressing yield [1, 14] and only 44.8% lean meat content (SEUROP classification [14]) is reported in Apulo-Calabrese pigs. Accordingly, relatively high backfat thickness of 68 mm at the withers and 48 mm at the level of the last rib was measured [14]. No other data

providing measurements of muscularity were found in considered studies.

**5.3 Body composition and carcass traits**

The information on feed intake and feed nutritional value were reported only in one study conducted on Apulo-Calabrese pigs, which limits the evaluation of their growth potential. Average daily feed intake reported was 2.2 kg/day in early fattening stage and 3.6 kg/day in the late fattening stage (declared as ad libitum feeding [14]).

**5. Productive performance**

**5.1 Reproductive traits**

**5.2 Growth performance**

**68**

**Table 3.**

*Summary of collected literature data on reproduction traits in Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*


*No. = number, ADG = average daily gain in g, Ad lib = ad libitum feeding regime.*

*1 ADG in a period of lactation regardless of how long it was.*

*2 ADG in a growing period estimated from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight.*

*3 ADG in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).*

#### **Table 4.**

*Summary of collected literature data on growth performance in Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*


*No. = number, ADFI = average daily feed intake in kg/day, Ad lib = ad libitum feeding regime, CP = crude protein. 1 ADFI in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively, and as the overall daily feed intake for the whole studied period.*

#### **Table 5.**

*Summary of collected literature data on average daily feed intake (in kg/day) in Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*


*1 S backfat thickness measured according to ZP method (above gluteus medius muscle (mm)).*

#### **Table 6.**

*Summary of collected literature data on body composition and carcass traits in Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

#### **5.4 Meat and fat quality**

Data on meat and fat quality in Apulo-Calabrese pigs are missing, the only information found was measurements of pH in longissimus muscle. The pH at 45 min and 24 h *post-mortem* were 6.30 and 5.85, respectively, measured in 40 animals slaughtered at 149 kg [14].

#### **6. Use of breed and main products**

Apulo-Calabrese pigs are used to enhance poor food showing rusticity and adaptability to grazing, with the good maternal ability for the sow. This breed of

**71**

Italy

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/

, Claudia Geraci3

3 Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna,

1 DAGRI - Animal Science Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

, Luca Fontanesi3

licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for

non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited.

*Apulo-Calabrese Pig*

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

Riccardo Bozzi1

and Nina Batorek-Lukač

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83760*

pigs adapts very well to outdoor breeding both with extensive and semi-extensive systems, feeding on acorns, chestnuts, tubers and roots that can be found in the wooden areas where it is bred. The breed is currently fully market-oriented interesting both regional and national markets. The most famous product derived from Apulo-Calabrese is the "soppressata" which derives from the meat of the ham and shoulder, the "capocollo" obtained from the top of the boned loin and with a layer of about 3–4 mm of fat and the lard derived from the dorsal part. Other relevant products are the black pudding mixed with chocolate and the "nduja of Spilinga", an exceptional type of soft spread and very spicy salami. As for Apulo-Calabrese pig, it is among those authorised for the production of the four PDO-cured meat products, salsiccia, soppressata, Pancetta and Capocollo di Calabria, all certified by

The research was conducted within the project TREASURE, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 634476. The content of this paper reflects only the author's view, and the European Union Agency is not responsible for any use

the "Consortium for the protection of Calabria PDO cured meats".

that may be made of the information it contains.

\*, Maurizio Gallo2

4

2 Italian Pig Breeders Association (ANAS), Rome, Italy

4 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

\*Address all correspondence to: riccardo.bozzi@unifi.it

*Apulo-Calabrese Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83760*

*European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE*

**ADG growing2**

[1] — — — — — — — 300 — [9] — 95 155 326 329 388 486 359 — [11] — 200 134 229 297 298 220 277 247 [14] Ad lib 72 — — 733 762 608 706 —

**ADG lactation1**

*No. = number, ADG = average daily gain in g, Ad lib = ad libitum feeding regime.*

*overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).*

*ADG in a growing period estimated from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight.*

*Summary of collected literature data on growth performance in Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

**Reference Feeding CP content of feed (%) No. of** 

**Final age (d)**

**70**

*1*

*1*

**Table 6.**

*1*

*2*

*3*

**Table 4.**

**Table 5.**

*the whole studied period.*

**Reference No. of** 

**animals**

*No. = number, BW = body weight, CW = carcass weight.*

**Reference Feeding No. of** 

**animals**

*ADG in a period of lactation regardless of how long it was.*

**5.4 Meat and fat quality**

slaughtered at 149 kg [14].

**6. Use of breed and main products**

Data on meat and fat quality in Apulo-Calabrese pigs are missing, the only information found was measurements of pH in longissimus muscle. The pH at 45 min and 24 h *post-mortem* were 6.30 and 5.85, respectively, measured in 40 animals

*Summary of collected literature data on body composition and carcass traits in Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

**animals**

[14] Ad lib 15 72 2.2 3.3 3.6 3.1 *No. = number, ADFI = average daily feed intake in kg/day, Ad lib = ad libitum feeding regime, CP = crude protein.*

*ADG in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the* 

*ADFI in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively, and as the overall daily feed intake for* 

*Summary of collected literature data on average daily feed intake (in kg/day) in Apulo-Calabrese pig breed.*

**Hot CW (kg)**

1 [1] — — 175 140 80.0 — — — 2 [14] 72 336 149 122 82.2 44.8 48 68

**Dressing yield (%)**

**Final BW (kg)**

*S backfat thickness measured according to ZP method (above gluteus medius muscle (mm)).*

**ADFI fattening1**

**ADG fattening3 ADG birth–**

**Early Middle Late Overall**

**slaughter**

**Early Middle Late Overall**

**Lean meat content (%)**

**Backfat thickness (mm) S1 At withers**

Apulo-Calabrese pigs are used to enhance poor food showing rusticity and adaptability to grazing, with the good maternal ability for the sow. This breed of pigs adapts very well to outdoor breeding both with extensive and semi-extensive systems, feeding on acorns, chestnuts, tubers and roots that can be found in the wooden areas where it is bred. The breed is currently fully market-oriented interesting both regional and national markets. The most famous product derived from Apulo-Calabrese is the "soppressata" which derives from the meat of the ham and shoulder, the "capocollo" obtained from the top of the boned loin and with a layer of about 3–4 mm of fat and the lard derived from the dorsal part. Other relevant products are the black pudding mixed with chocolate and the "nduja of Spilinga", an exceptional type of soft spread and very spicy salami. As for Apulo-Calabrese pig, it is among those authorised for the production of the four PDO-cured meat products, salsiccia, soppressata, Pancetta and Capocollo di Calabria, all certified by the "Consortium for the protection of Calabria PDO cured meats".

#### **Acknowledgements**

The research was conducted within the project TREASURE, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 634476. The content of this paper reflects only the author's view, and the European Union Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

#### **Author details**

Riccardo Bozzi1 \*, Maurizio Gallo2 , Claudia Geraci3 , Luca Fontanesi3 and Nina Batorek-Lukač 4

1 DAGRI - Animal Science Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

2 Italian Pig Breeders Association (ANAS), Rome, Italy

3 Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

4 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

\*Address all correspondence to: riccardo.bozzi@unifi.it

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited.

### **References** Chapter 6

[1] FAO. The Domestic Animal Diversity Information System [Internet]. Available from: http://dad.fao.org/ [Accessed: 19 July 2017]

[2] ANAS Database, Gallo M. Personal Communication; 2015

[3] ANAS. Apulo-Calabrese Standard di razza [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://bit.ly/2yZOyvX [Accessed: 4 April 2018]

[4] Bigi D, Zanon A. Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, Equini, Ovicaprini, Suini allevati in Italia. Milan, Italy: Il Sole 24 Ore Edagricole; 2008

[5] Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. Strutture Zootecniche (Dec. 2009/712/CE— Allegato 2—Capitolo 2) (in Italian). [Internet]. 2013. Available from: http:// www.anas.it/Normative/Norme001.pdf [Accessed: 4 April 2018]

[6] Gallo M, Buttazzoni L. Ruolo del Registro anagrafico per la conservazione dei tipi genetici autoctoni. In: Nanni Costa L, Zambonelli P, Russo V, editors. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on the Mediterranean Pig; 11-13 October 2007; Messina, Capo d'Orlando, Italy. Bologna, Italy: AlmaDL; 2008. pp. 429-434. DOI: 10.6092/unibo/amsacta/2513

[7] Leenhouwers JI, Merks JWM. Suitability of traditional and conventional pig breeds in organic and low-input production systems in Europe: Survey results and a review of literature. Animal Genetic Resources/ Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales. 2013;**53**:169-184. DOI: 10.1017/S2078633612000446

[8] Maiorano G. Swine production in Italy and research perspectives for the local breeds. Slovak Journal of Animal Science. 2009;**42**:159-166

[9] Micari P, Racinaro L, Sarullo V, Carpino S, Marzullo A. Zoometric rates, reproductive and productive parameters of the Apulocalabrian swine, obtained in breeding certified by ANAS Calabria. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2009;**8**:519-521

Cinta Senese Pig

Abstract

back fat tissue.

Italy

73

Carolina Pugliese, Riccardo Bozzi, Maurizio Gallo,

Claudia Geraci, Luca Fontanesi and Nina Batorek-Lukač

Cinta Senese is an Italian autochthonous pig breed, one of the local pig breeds investigated in the project TREASURE. The present chapter aims to present history and status of Cinta Senese pig breed, its phenotypic characteristics, geographical location, production system and the quality of its main products. Reproductive performance was estimated by several data: sow age at first parturition, litters/sow/year, piglets alive/litter, weaning weight, stillborn/litter, death rate percentage at weaning, duration of lactation, length of farrowing and sow age at culling. Growth performance was estimated by means of average daily gain in lactation and from birth to slaughter, growing at early, middle, late and overall fattening stage and average daily feed intake in late and overall fattening stage. Carcass traits were evaluated by means of age and weight at slaughtering, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, loin eye area and back fat thickness at the first thoracic vertebra, last rib and above gluteus medius muscle. Meat quality traits of the longissimus muscle were evaluated by means of the following: pH at 45 minutes and 24 hours after slaughtering, instrumental measurements of colour (CIE L\*, a\*, b\*) and intramuscular fat content. Fatty acid composition was evaluated in

Keywords: traditional European breed, TREASURE, productive traits, phenotype,

The Cinta Senese breed has ancient origins, as evidenced by its presence in the

fresco of the "Buon Governo" of Ambrogio Lorenzetti which is in the Sala del Consiglio dei Nove of the Palazzo Pubblico of Siena [1]. It has spread for its robustness, rusticity and easy adaptability to breeding outdoor. This breed is well adapted at Tuscany land because of the type of available feeding resources from these territorial peculiarities that also derive the taste of the meat protected by PDO label since 2012 [2]. In the 1950s, most peasant families raised this breed. The introduction of improved breeds has reduced the Cinta Senese breeding to bring this breed, at the beginning of the eighties, to the brink of extinction. Due to the intervention of local breeders and Protection Consortium and the active support of the public institutions as well as a detailed research activity carried out by the University of Florence, to date, 140 farms and about 5000 animals can be recognised (Figure 1) [3, 4]. Almost all Cinta Senese breeders are part of the Consortium of Protection of the Cinta Senese obtaining the protected denomination of origin of fresh meat, exclusively for pigs born, reared and slaughtered in Tuscany, and deriving from the

1. History and current status of the breed (census)

[10] Bozzi R. TREASURE Survey WP 1.3, Personal Communication; 2015

[11] Cosentino E, Morano F, Cappuccio A, Freschi P. Zootechnical performances of Calabrese pigs reared in free range management. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2003;**2**:403-405

[12] Franci O, Pugliese C. Italian autochthonous pigs: Progress report and research perspectives. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2007;**6**:663-671. DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.663

[13] Franci O, Gandini G, Madonia G, Pugliese C, Chiofalo V, Bozzi R, et al. Performances of Italian local breeds. In: Ollivier L, Labroue F, Glodek P, Gandini G, Delgado JV, editors. Pig Genetic Resources in Europe. Wageningen, Netherlands: EAAP Publication, Wageningen Press; 2001. p. 151

[14] Rossi A, Ferrari P, Bossio MB, Monaco F, Fusaro A. Impiego di materie prime non Ogm nell'allevamento dei suini di razza Calabrese. Rivista di Suinicoltura. 2008;**49**:73-78

### **References** Chapter 6 Cinta Senese Pig

Carolina Pugliese, Riccardo Bozzi, Maurizio Gallo, Claudia Geraci, Luca Fontanesi and Nina Batorek-Lukač

#### Abstract

Cinta Senese is an Italian autochthonous pig breed, one of the local pig breeds investigated in the project TREASURE. The present chapter aims to present history and status of Cinta Senese pig breed, its phenotypic characteristics, geographical location, production system and the quality of its main products. Reproductive performance was estimated by several data: sow age at first parturition, litters/sow/year, piglets alive/litter, weaning weight, stillborn/litter, death rate percentage at weaning, duration of lactation, length of farrowing and sow age at culling. Growth performance was estimated by means of average daily gain in lactation and from birth to slaughter, growing at early, middle, late and overall fattening stage and average daily feed intake in late and overall fattening stage. Carcass traits were evaluated by means of age and weight at slaughtering, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, loin eye area and back fat thickness at the first thoracic vertebra, last rib and above gluteus medius muscle. Meat quality traits of the longissimus muscle were evaluated by means of the following: pH at 45 minutes and 24 hours after slaughtering, instrumental measurements of colour (CIE L\*, a\*, b\*) and intramuscular fat content. Fatty acid composition was evaluated in back fat tissue.

Keywords: traditional European breed, TREASURE, productive traits, phenotype, Italy

#### 1. History and current status of the breed (census)

The Cinta Senese breed has ancient origins, as evidenced by its presence in the fresco of the "Buon Governo" of Ambrogio Lorenzetti which is in the Sala del Consiglio dei Nove of the Palazzo Pubblico of Siena [1]. It has spread for its robustness, rusticity and easy adaptability to breeding outdoor. This breed is well adapted at Tuscany land because of the type of available feeding resources from these territorial peculiarities that also derive the taste of the meat protected by PDO label since 2012 [2]. In the 1950s, most peasant families raised this breed. The introduction of improved breeds has reduced the Cinta Senese breeding to bring this breed, at the beginning of the eighties, to the brink of extinction. Due to the intervention of local breeders and Protection Consortium and the active support of the public institutions as well as a detailed research activity carried out by the University of Florence, to date, 140 farms and about 5000 animals can be recognised (Figure 1) [3, 4]. Almost all Cinta Senese breeders are part of the Consortium of Protection of the Cinta Senese obtaining the protected denomination of origin of fresh meat, exclusively for pigs born, reared and slaughtered in Tuscany, and deriving from the

**72**

*European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE*

[9] Micari P, Racinaro L, Sarullo V, Carpino S, Marzullo A. Zoometric rates, reproductive and productive parameters of the Apulocalabrian swine, obtained in breeding certified by ANAS Calabria. Italian Journal of Animal Science.

[10] Bozzi R. TREASURE Survey WP 1.3,

[11] Cosentino E, Morano F, Cappuccio A, Freschi P. Zootechnical performances of Calabrese pigs reared in free range management. Italian Journal of Animal

autochthonous pigs: Progress report and research perspectives. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2007;**6**:663-671. DOI:

[13] Franci O, Gandini G, Madonia G, Pugliese C, Chiofalo V, Bozzi R, et al. Performances of Italian local breeds. In: Ollivier L, Labroue F, Glodek P, Gandini G, Delgado JV, editors. Pig Genetic Resources in Europe. Wageningen, Netherlands: EAAP Publication, Wageningen Press; 2001. p. 151

[14] Rossi A, Ferrari P, Bossio MB, Monaco F, Fusaro A. Impiego di materie prime non Ogm nell'allevamento dei suini di razza Calabrese. Rivista di Suinicoltura. 2008;**49**:73-78

Personal Communication; 2015

[12] Franci O, Pugliese C. Italian

Science. 2003;**2**:403-405

10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.663

2009;**8**:519-521

[1] FAO. The Domestic Animal Diversity

[2] ANAS Database, Gallo M. Personal

[3] ANAS. Apulo-Calabrese Standard di razza [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://bit.ly/2yZOyvX [Accessed: 4

[4] Bigi D, Zanon A. Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, Equini, Ovicaprini, Suini allevati in Italia. Milan, Italy: Il

[5] Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. Strutture Zootecniche (Dec. 2009/712/CE— Allegato 2—Capitolo 2) (in Italian). [Internet]. 2013. Available from: http:// www.anas.it/Normative/Norme001.pdf

[6] Gallo M, Buttazzoni L. Ruolo del Registro anagrafico per la conservazione dei tipi genetici autoctoni. In: Nanni Costa L, Zambonelli P, Russo V, editors. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on the Mediterranean Pig; 11-13 October 2007; Messina, Capo d'Orlando, Italy. Bologna, Italy: AlmaDL; 2008. pp. 429-434. DOI: 10.6092/unibo/amsacta/2513

[7] Leenhouwers JI, Merks JWM. Suitability of traditional and conventional pig breeds in organic and low-input production systems in Europe: Survey results and a review of literature. Animal Genetic Resources/ Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales. 2013;**53**:169-184. DOI: 10.1017/S2078633612000446

[8] Maiorano G. Swine production in Italy and research perspectives for the local breeds. Slovak Journal of Animal

Science. 2009;**42**:159-166

Sole 24 Ore Edagricole; 2008

[Accessed: 4 April 2018]

Information System [Internet]. Available from: http://dad.fao.org/

[Accessed: 19 July 2017]

Communication; 2015

April 2018]

#### Figure 1.

Census of Cinta Senese pig breed, presenting a number of sows and boars per year, starting with the year of herdbook establishment.

mating of subjects recorded in the Register of the Cinta Senese genetic type. According to the PDO rule, after the fourth month of age, during which the piglets can receive daily food supplementation, the animals must be reared in extensive conditions [2]. The permitted daily feed supplement cannot exceed 2% of live weight; additionally, at least 60% of the feed constituents must come from the geographical area of production.

#### 2. Exterior phenotypic characteristics

The Cinta Senese is a medium-sized pig, with a light but solid skeleton (Figures 2 and 3). The weight is 300 and about 250 kg for boars and sows, respectively. The skin and bristles are black, except for a white band that surrounds the trunk at shoulder level, including the forelimbs. The head is of medium size with ears directed forward and down. The limbs are thin but solid. In the female the breasts must be not less than 10, regularly spaced, with normal nipples (Table 1).

3. Geographical location and production system

Figure 2.

Cinta Senese Pig

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83762

Figure 3. Cinta Senese boar.

75

Cinta Senese sow with piglets.

The farms of Cinta Senese pigs are located throughout the Tuscany region even though most of them are in the province of Siena. Pasture on wood is carried out in more than half of the farms. The sows are mainly raised outdoors, but, frequently, in case of part, single boxes are used. The fattening is always done outdoors, with various degrees of extensification. The forest, when present, is used for grazing throughout the year from farmers. It is noted that neither the farming area nor that used for grazing are related to the number of animals bred. There are indeed farms of large dimensions with a reduced number of animals, as well as farms with many animals but with little available area, both for grazing and for the crops, to be dedicated for breeding. Finally, farms with many animals, even when they have a

The Cinta Senese conservation programme involves regional and national asso-

ciations (ARA, ANAS) as well as research institutes (University of Florence)

large surface available, dedicate a very small part of the land to pigs [5]

4. Organisations for breeding, monitoring and conservation

(Table 2). The conservation programme includes:


#### Table 1.

Summary of morphology information on Cinta Senese pig breed.

Figure 2. Cinta Senese sow with piglets.

Figure 3. Cinta Senese boar.

mating of subjects recorded in the Register of the Cinta Senese genetic type. According to the PDO rule, after the fourth month of age, during which the piglets can receive daily food supplementation, the animals must be reared in extensive conditions [2]. The permitted daily feed supplement cannot exceed 2% of live weight; additionally, at least 60% of the feed constituents must come from the

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

Census of Cinta Senese pig breed, presenting a number of sows and boars per year, starting with the year of

The Cinta Senese is a medium-sized pig, with a light but solid skeleton (Figures 2 and 3). The weight is 300 and about 250 kg for boars and sows, respectively. The skin and bristles are black, except for a white band that surrounds the trunk at shoulder level, including the forelimbs. The head is of medium size with ears directed forward and down. The limbs are thin but solid. In the female the breasts must be not less than 10, regularly spaced, with normal nipples

Measurement (average) Adult male Adult female Body weight (kg) 200 170–180 Body length<sup>1</sup> (cm) 107 104 Ear length Medium Medium Chest girth (cm) 132 126 Height at withers (cm) 82–90 82–90 Number of teats (average) 12 12

geographical area of production.

(Table 1).

Figure 1.

herdbook establishment.

1

74

Table 1.

2. Exterior phenotypic characteristics

Measured from the tip of the nose to the starting point of the tail.

Summary of morphology information on Cinta Senese pig breed.

#### 3. Geographical location and production system

The farms of Cinta Senese pigs are located throughout the Tuscany region even though most of them are in the province of Siena. Pasture on wood is carried out in more than half of the farms. The sows are mainly raised outdoors, but, frequently, in case of part, single boxes are used. The fattening is always done outdoors, with various degrees of extensification. The forest, when present, is used for grazing throughout the year from farmers. It is noted that neither the farming area nor that used for grazing are related to the number of animals bred. There are indeed farms of large dimensions with a reduced number of animals, as well as farms with many animals but with little available area, both for grazing and for the crops, to be dedicated for breeding. Finally, farms with many animals, even when they have a large surface available, dedicate a very small part of the land to pigs [5]

#### 4. Organisations for breeding, monitoring and conservation

The Cinta Senese conservation programme involves regional and national associations (ARA, ANAS) as well as research institutes (University of Florence) (Table 2). The conservation programme includes:


Table 2.

Contact details of breeding organisation for Cinta Senese pig breed.


The conservation programme foresees financial support for Cinta Senese breeders within a larger project aimed at the maintenance of indigenous breeds threatened by the risk of abandonment.

#### 5. Productive performance

#### 5.1 Reproductive traits

Basic data obtained on reproductive traits in this review are presented in Table 3. According to herdbook data recorded by ANAS, the age of sows at first parturition is approximately 20 months, whereas age of culling is 54.3 months on average. Sows of Cinta Senese pig breed have 1.3–1.8 litters per year with 6.3–8.2 piglets per litter of approximately 1.2 kg of live body weight. Stillborn percentage of piglets varies from 2.1 to 9.6%, whereas piglet mortality rate until weaning ranged from 4.7 up to 20.4% in the considered studies. Duration of lactation is prolonged in comparison to modern intensive systems (up to 60 days), which leads to a longer farrowing interval (from 203 to 281 days) and also higher piglet weaning weight (8.5–13.0 kg).

#### 5.2 Growth performance

Basic data on growth performance obtained in this review are presented in Tables 4 and 5. Due to big differences between studies with regard to the live weight range covered, we defined the stages for growth performance as lactation (regardless of how long it was), growing stage (from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight) and early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole fattening stage (defined as overall) or even from birth to slaughter (defined as birth-slaughter, which is often calculated from the data given on live

Reference

77

 Sow age at first

Litters per

No. of piglets

Piglet live

Stillborn per

Mortality at

Piglet weaning

Duration of

Farrowing

Sow age at

> interval (d)

culling (mth)

lactation (d)

weight (kg)

weaning (%)

litter (%)

weight (kg)

alive per litter

parturition

[3] [4] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] No., number; mth, month; d, days.

Table 3. Summary of collected literature data on

reproduction

 traits in Cinta Senese pig breed.

–

1.6

6.8

–

 –

9.7

–

–––

–

–

1.6

6.8

–

 –

9.7

–

58

230

–

––

1.3

––

–

––

1.3

–

 –

13.0

 –

–––

60

–

 –

–

 –

–

 –

 –

7.3

1.4

9.6

6.9

9.4

38

–

 –

––

–

–

 –

1.8

7.9

1.2

–

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

––

–

 –

 –

––

 –

 –

 –

8.5

44

203

–

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

–

 –

–

––

7.9

1.2

7.6

20.4

8.5

44

–

 –

1.3

–

 –

–

 –

–

 –

 –

6.3

1.1

8.2

4.7

–

11.5

60

–

 –

–––

––

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83762

–

1.3

8.2

–

 –

6.4

–

 –

20.9

–

7.2

–

2.1

7.1

–

––

281

–

54.3

13.0

1.7

–

0.8

––

 –

 –

210

72.0

Cinta Senese Pig

 (mth)

sow per year


Cinta Senese Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83762

> Table 3.

 Summary of collected literature data on reproduction traits in Cinta Senese pig breed.

• The morphological evaluation of all young animals.

Contact details of breeding organisation for Cinta Senese pig breed.

Consorzio di tutela della Cinta Senese Strada di Cerchiaia, 41/4

• Registration at Anagraphic Register of eligible boars.

• Choice of male young boars.

Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Suini

(ANAS)

Table 2.

threatened by the risk of abandonment.

average. Sows of Cinta Senese pig breed have 1.3

5. Productive performance

5.1 Reproductive traits

(8.5

76

–13.0 kg).

Tables 4 and

5.2 Growth performance

• Registration of the main productive and reproductive traits.

• Monitoring the level of consanguinity in the population.

• Planning of mating and assistance to farmers in choosing the boars.

Name of organisation Address E-mail address

Rome, Italy

Via Lazzaro Spallanzani 4, 00161

Italy

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

–53100 Siena,

cintasenese@libero.it

www.anas.it

The conservation programme foresees financial support for Cinta Senese breeders within a larger project aimed at the maintenance of indigenous breeds

Basic data obtained on reproductive traits in this review are presented in Table 3. According to herdbook data recorded by ANAS, the age of sows at first parturition is approximately 20 months, whereas age of culling is 54.3 months on

piglets per litter of approximately 1.2 kg of live body weight. Stillborn percentage of piglets varies from 2.1 to 9.6%, whereas piglet mortality rate until weaning ranged from 4.7 up to 20.4% in the considered studies. Duration of lactation is prolonged in comparison to modern intensive systems (up to 60 days), which leads to a longer farrowing interval (from 203 to 281 days) and also higher piglet weaning weight

Basic data on growth performance obtained in this review are presented in

weight range covered, we defined the stages for growth performance as lactation (regardless of how long it was), growing stage (from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight) and early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole fattening stage (defined as overall) or even from birth to slaughter (defined as birth-slaughter, which is often calculated from the data given on live

5. Due to big differences between studies with regard to the live

–1.8 litters per year with 6.3

–8.2


according to PDO rules, Cinta Senese pigs should be reared in extensive conditions. However, in the context of the evaluation of growth performance, it is also of interest to observe the extreme values, because it can be assumed that the maximum figures exhibit the growth potentials of Cinta Senese pigs in ad libitum condi-

[24] – – 17 29 – 2.4 [33] Semi 10.7 18 33 2.7 – [34] –– – 24 – 2.2

ADFI in a period of fattening is reported late fattening stage estimated above 100 kg live body weight and for the

Summary of collected literature data on average daily feed intake (in kg/day) in Cinta Senese pig breed.

No.—number; ADFI—average daily feed intake in kg/day; Semi—semi ad libitum feeding regime;

overall daily feed intake in the whole fattening period (estimated from 30 kg body weight onwards).

CP content of feed (%)

No. of animals

ADFI fattening<sup>1</sup> late overall

In considered studies, the information on feed intake and feed nutritional value were scarce, which limits the evaluation of growth potential. In accordance to PDO rule that feed distribution should not exceed 2% of body weight, average daily feed intake reported in the considered studies was 2.7 kg/day in late fattening stage and

Basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered

carcass traits that could be compared are presented in Table 6. In considered studies, pigs of Cinta Senese breed were slaughtered at approximately 381 days of age and from 125 to 175 kg of live weight. In agreement with high slaughter weight, dressing yield was around 81%; back fat thickness span from 47 to 65 mm measured on the withers, from 32 to 58 mm at last rib level and 35–67 mm at gluteus medius muscle level. Muscularity measured as loin eye area was 28 cm<sup>2</sup> in the only available

> Hot CW (kg)

[3] – – 175 140 80.0 –– – – [17] 29 312 135 110 81.2 –– – –

[23] 16 330 147 – – 35 47 32 – [25] 29 312 136 110 81.2 46 58 40 –

[26, 27] 27 336 125 98 78.6 35 –– –

Dressing yield (%)

17 509 127 104 81.6 –– – –

29 312 136 110 81.2 49 –– –

16 510 128 104 81.5 49 65 37 –

Back fat thickness (mm)

> At last rib

S1 At withers

Loin eye area (cm2 )

tions of feeding (≈674 g/day in early fattening stage).

2.2–2.4 kg/day in the overall fattening stage.

Reference Feeding ME content of feed

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83762

ME—metabolisable energy; and CP—crude protein. <sup>1</sup>

Table 5.

Cinta Senese Pig

(MJ/kg)

5.3 Body composition and carcass traits

Reference No. of

[17, 20, 21]

79

animals

Final age (d) Final BW (kg)

No.—number; ADG, average daily gain in g; Ad Lib—ad libitum feeding regime; Semi—semi ad libitum feeding regime; and Rest—restrictive feeding regime. <sup>1</sup>

ADG in period of lactation regardless of how long it was.

2 ADG in growing period estimated from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

3 ADG in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

#### Table 4.

Summary of collected literature data on growth performance in Cinta Senese pig breed.

weight and age of pigs). It should also be noted that a big part of the collected studies simulated practical conditions of the production systems used and that only a smaller part of the studies aimed at evaluating the breed potential for growth. In the considered studies, daily gain in lactation period varied from 133 to 235 g/day. Growing and fattening stages are characterised by a slow growth rate (approximately 370 g/day in growing and 412 g/day in overall fattening stage) but also high variability between studies (from 147 to 473 g/day growing and from 185 to 674 g/day in fattening stage). Slower growth rate can be contributed to the fact that


No.—number; ADFI—average daily feed intake in kg/day; Semi—semi ad libitum feeding regime;

ME—metabolisable energy; and CP—crude protein. <sup>1</sup>

ADFI in a period of fattening is reported late fattening stage estimated above 100 kg live body weight and for the overall daily feed intake in the whole fattening period (estimated from 30 kg body weight onwards).

#### Table 5.

Summary of collected literature data on average daily feed intake (in kg/day) in Cinta Senese pig breed.

according to PDO rules, Cinta Senese pigs should be reared in extensive conditions. However, in the context of the evaluation of growth performance, it is also of interest to observe the extreme values, because it can be assumed that the maximum figures exhibit the growth potentials of Cinta Senese pigs in ad libitum conditions of feeding (≈674 g/day in early fattening stage).

In considered studies, the information on feed intake and feed nutritional value were scarce, which limits the evaluation of growth potential. In accordance to PDO rule that feed distribution should not exceed 2% of body weight, average daily feed intake reported in the considered studies was 2.7 kg/day in late fattening stage and 2.2–2.4 kg/day in the overall fattening stage.

#### 5.3 Body composition and carcass traits

Basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered carcass traits that could be compared are presented in Table 6. In considered studies, pigs of Cinta Senese breed were slaughtered at approximately 381 days of age and from 125 to 175 kg of live weight. In agreement with high slaughter weight, dressing yield was around 81%; back fat thickness span from 47 to 65 mm measured on the withers, from 32 to 58 mm at last rib level and 35–67 mm at gluteus medius muscle level. Muscularity measured as loin eye area was 28 cm<sup>2</sup> in the only available


weight and age of pigs). It should also be noted that a big part of the collected studies simulated practical conditions of the production systems used and that only a smaller part of the studies aimed at evaluating the breed potential for growth. In the considered studies, daily gain in lactation period varied from 133 to 235 g/day. Growing and fattening stages are characterised by a slow growth rate (approximately 370 g/day in growing and 412 g/day in overall fattening stage) but also high variability between studies (from 147 to 473 g/day growing and from 185 to

Reference Feeding No. of

[17, 20, 21]

animals

ADG lactation<sup>1</sup> ADG growing<sup>2</sup>

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

[3] – – – – – –– 500 – [9] – 3028 158 – – –– 185 – [10] – 7 133 174 – ––– –

[13] – 922 133 – – –– –

[16] – – 196 267 211 ––– – [17] Semi 29 – – – –– 430 –

[19] – – – – – ––– 276 [22] – 277 235 – – ––– – [23] Rest 16 – 473 – – 310 519 – [24] – 29 – – – –– 531 – [25] Semi 29 – – – –– 438 –

[26, 27] Semi 27 – – 432 334 334 372 – [28] Semi 17 – – – –– 387 – [29] Semi 60 – – – –– 417 – [30] Semi 24 – – – –– 419 – [31, 32] Rest 8 – – –– 323 – –

[33] Semi 33 – – –– 346 – –

[35] Ad Lib 12 – – 674 – – 674 – No.—number; ADG, average daily gain in g; Ad Lib—ad libitum feeding regime; Semi—semi ad libitum feeding

ADG in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes the source provided only the

[34] – 24 – – – –– 370

ADG in growing period estimated from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

Summary of collected literature data on growth performance in Cinta Senese pig breed.

overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

regime; and Rest—restrictive feeding regime. <sup>1</sup>

2

3

78

Table 4.

ADG in period of lactation regardless of how long it was.

– 8 196 396 – ––– –

– – 196 – – ––– –

Rest 17 – – – –– 248 –

Semi 29 – – – –– 433 –

Rest 16 – – – –– 250 –

Semi 8 – – –– 297 – –

ADG fattening<sup>3</sup> ADG birthslaughter Early Middle Late Overall

674 g/day in fattening stage). Slower growth rate can be contributed to the fact that


study, whereas data providing other measurements of muscularity (i.e. lean meat content or muscle thickness measured at the cranial edge of the gluteus medius

Basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered meat quality traits measured in the longissimus muscle that could be found and fatty acid composition of back fat tissue are presented in Table 7. In the studies reporting meat quality of Cinta Senese pigs, pH measured in the

longissimus muscle at 45 minutes and 24 hours post-mortem was approximately 6.4 and 5.7, respectively. The intramuscular fat content was highly variable in considered studies and ranged from 2.5 to 6.0%. Colour measured in CIE/Lab colour space spans from 45 to 50, 11.0 to 13.9 and 2.9 to 4.6 for L, a\* and b\*, respectively. Altogether six studies were found reporting fatty acid composition of back fat tissue; however, due to big differences between studies in feeding regime, feed composition, final body weight and fatness, which are all important factors influencing the fatty acid composition of meat, this result should be interpreted with precaution. Saturated fatty acid content ranges from 35.4 to 39.0%, MUFA content from 47.6 to 53.4% and PUFA content from 8.2 to 17.0%, with very high

The quality of the raw material of the Cinta Senese represents a strong point of the system. The sensory characteristics of meat are mainly influenced by the acidic composition of the adipose tissue which is affected, as well as the genetic component, also by the diet. Extensive breeding, if practised with rational exploitation of forest resources (acorn and chestnut), can lead to the development of favourable aromas and, therefore, to products with excellent sensory properties. The main cured meats produced with the Cinta Senese breed are dry-cured ham, Tuscan salami, Pancetta, Lardo and Capocollo. These products have reached a high level of quality without, however, reaching the standardisation of flavours. Although the cured meat market is expanding, the Consortium focused on the PDO label of fresh meat, obtaining it. The recognition of protected designation of origin is reserved exclusively for the meat of pigs born, reared and slaughtered in Tuscany, which meet the requirements of the specification, drawn up by EU Reg. 510/2006. To certify the meat, the pigs must derive from the pairing of pigs registered in

muscle) were not available in the considered studies.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83762

5.4 Meat and fat quality

Cinta Senese Pig

n-6 to n-3 ratio (12.8–36.4).

Acknowledgements

81

6. Use of breed and main products

Anagraphic Register of the Cinta Senese genetic type.

use that may be made of the information it contains.

tium represents the identifying mark of the processed products.

Animals cannot be slaughtered before the twelfth month of life. After slaughtering the half-carcass can be cut to produce cured meats. The seal consor-

funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 634476. The content of this paper reflects only the author's view, and the European Union Agency is not responsible for any

The research was conducted within the project TREASURE, which has received

No.—number; BW—body weight; and CW—carcass weight. <sup>1</sup>

S back fat thickness measured according to ZP method (above the gluteus medius muscle (mm)).

Table 6.

Summary of collected literature data on body composition and carcass traits in Cinta Senese pig breed.


No.—number; pH 45—pH measured approximately 45 minutes post-mortem; pH 24—pH measured approximately 24 hours post-mortem; IMF—intramuscular fat; SFA—saturated fatty acids; MUFA—monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA—polyunsaturated fatty acids. <sup>1</sup>

CIE—objective colour defined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage; L\*—greater value indicates a lighter colour; a\*—greater value indicates a redder colour; b\*—greater value indicates a more yellow colour. <sup>2</sup>

For fatty acid composition, only pigs on control diet were considered. Control diets differed among studies, to see diet composition address to the corresponding source.

#### Table 7.

Summary of collected literature data on meat and fat quality in Cinta Senese pig breed.

study, whereas data providing other measurements of muscularity (i.e. lean meat content or muscle thickness measured at the cranial edge of the gluteus medius muscle) were not available in the considered studies.

#### 5.4 Meat and fat quality

Reference No. of

Table 6.

[17, 20, 21]

Reference No. of

animals

PUFA—polyunsaturated fatty acids. <sup>1</sup>

Table 7.

80

composition address to the corresponding source.

animals

Final age (d)

No.—number; BW—body weight; and CW—carcass weight. <sup>1</sup>

Final BW (kg)

Hot CW (kg)

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

[28] 17 430 155 – – 43 – 41 – [29] 60 419 147 121 82.2 46 52 41 28 [30] 24 340 136 110 80.6 – – 49 – [31, 32] 8 – 142 121 84.7 44 50 46 –

[33] 33 378 130 – – 41 –– – [36] 50 – 141 110 78.0 67 78 58 – [37] 14 – 145 – – –– 30 –

Summary of collected literature data on body composition and carcass traits in Cinta Senese pig breed.

[13] – –– 48 12.3 4.2 4.0 –– – –

[17] 29 6.22 5.78 50 – – 3.2 –– – –

[26, 27] 27 6.50 5.63 48 12.7 4.0 2.5 –– – – [28] 17 6.51 5.68 46 12.3 3.0 6.0 –– – – [29] 60 6.40 5.83 46 11.0 2.9 4.7 –– – – [30] 24 6.51 5.78 47 11.2 3.3 4.1 39.0 52.8 8.2 36.4 [31, 32] 8 6.33 5.55 –– – – 37.6 50.6 11.8 14.2

[33] 33 6.42 5.55 49 11.4 4.0 3.3 38.9 49.9 11.2 24.4 [37] 14 – – 47 13.7 4.2 3.2 35.4 47.6 17.0 12.8 [38] – –– 47 12.4 3.8 4.0 –– – – [39] 17 6.51 5.69 45 12.2 3.0 5.7 –– – – No.—number; pH 45—pH measured approximately 45 minutes post-mortem; pH 24—pH measured approximately 24 hours post-mortem; IMF—intramuscular fat; SFA—saturated fatty acids; MUFA—monounsaturated fatty acids;

CIE—objective colour defined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage; L\*—greater value indicates a lighter

For fatty acid composition, only pigs on control diet were considered. Control diets differed among studies, to see diet

colour; a\*—greater value indicates a redder colour; b\*—greater value indicates a more yellow colour. <sup>2</sup>

Summary of collected literature data on meat and fat quality in Cinta Senese pig breed.

pH 45 pH 24 CIE<sup>1</sup> IMF

S back fat thickness measured according to ZP method (above the gluteus medius muscle (mm)).

Dressing yield (%)

8 – 143 123 86.5 44 52 49 –

content (%)

– –– 46 11.8 4.5 3.3 –– – –

17 6.24 5.83 46 – – 4.2 –– – –

29 6.22 5.78 50 11.4 4.6 3.2 36.2 53.4 10.4 25.7

8 6.40 5.50 49 13.9 4.5 5.9 36.7 51.6 11.7 20.0

L\* a\* b\* SFA MUFA PUFA n-6 / n-3

Back fat thickness (mm)

> At last rib

Fatty acid composition<sup>2</sup> (%)

S1 At withers

Loin eye area (cm2 )

> Basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered meat quality traits measured in the longissimus muscle that could be found and fatty acid composition of back fat tissue are presented in Table 7. In the studies reporting meat quality of Cinta Senese pigs, pH measured in the longissimus muscle at 45 minutes and 24 hours post-mortem was approximately 6.4 and 5.7, respectively. The intramuscular fat content was highly variable in considered studies and ranged from 2.5 to 6.0%. Colour measured in CIE/Lab colour space spans from 45 to 50, 11.0 to 13.9 and 2.9 to 4.6 for L, a\* and b\*, respectively. Altogether six studies were found reporting fatty acid composition of back fat tissue; however, due to big differences between studies in feeding regime, feed composition, final body weight and fatness, which are all important factors influencing the fatty acid composition of meat, this result should be interpreted with precaution. Saturated fatty acid content ranges from 35.4 to 39.0%, MUFA content from 47.6 to 53.4% and PUFA content from 8.2 to 17.0%, with very high n-6 to n-3 ratio (12.8–36.4).

#### 6. Use of breed and main products

The quality of the raw material of the Cinta Senese represents a strong point of the system. The sensory characteristics of meat are mainly influenced by the acidic composition of the adipose tissue which is affected, as well as the genetic component, also by the diet. Extensive breeding, if practised with rational exploitation of forest resources (acorn and chestnut), can lead to the development of favourable aromas and, therefore, to products with excellent sensory properties. The main cured meats produced with the Cinta Senese breed are dry-cured ham, Tuscan salami, Pancetta, Lardo and Capocollo. These products have reached a high level of quality without, however, reaching the standardisation of flavours. Although the cured meat market is expanding, the Consortium focused on the PDO label of fresh meat, obtaining it. The recognition of protected designation of origin is reserved exclusively for the meat of pigs born, reared and slaughtered in Tuscany, which meet the requirements of the specification, drawn up by EU Reg. 510/2006. To certify the meat, the pigs must derive from the pairing of pigs registered in Anagraphic Register of the Cinta Senese genetic type.

Animals cannot be slaughtered before the twelfth month of life. After slaughtering the half-carcass can be cut to produce cured meats. The seal consortium represents the identifying mark of the processed products.

#### Acknowledgements

The research was conducted within the project TREASURE, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 634476. The content of this paper reflects only the author's view, and the European Union Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

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Cinta Senese Pig

12, 2018]

[1] ANAS. Cinta-Senese Standard di razza [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://bit.ly/2O4Yk5o [Accessed: April

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83762

[9] Mascagni O. I suini di razza Cinta Senese ed il loro miglioramento. Agricoltura toscana. 1947:337-343

[10] Franci O, Acciaioli A, Pugliese C, Bozzi R, Campodoni G, Gandini G. Performances di scrofe di razza Cinta

[11] Bozzi R, Buttazzoni L, Pugliese C, Franci O. Genetic parameters for teat number and litter size in Cinta Senese pig. In: Minvielle F, editor. Proceedings of the 7th World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod; 19-23 August 2002; Montpellier, France. Inra; 2002.

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[7] Maiorano G. Swine production in Italy and research perspectives for the local breeds. Slovak Journal of Animal

[8] Gallo M, Buttazzoni L. Ruolo del Registro anagrafico per la conservazione dei tipi genetici autoctoni. In: Nanni Costa L, Zambonelli P, Russo V, editors. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on the Mediterranean Pig; 11-13 October 2007; Messina–Capo d'Orlando, Italy; Bologna, Italy: AlmaDL; 2008. pp. 429-434. DOI: 10.6092/unibo/amsacta/2513

[Accessed: July 19, 2017]

communication; 2015

#### Author details

Carolina Pugliese<sup>1</sup> \*, Riccardo Bozzi<sup>1</sup> , Maurizio Gallo<sup>2</sup> , Claudia Geraci<sup>3</sup> , Luca Fontanesi<sup>3</sup> and Nina Batorek-Lukač<sup>4</sup>

1 Department of Agro-Food and Environmental Production Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

2 ANAS-National Association of Pig Breeders, Rome, Italy.

3 Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

4 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

\*Address all correspondence to: carolina.pugliese@unifi.it

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited. **–NC**

### References

[1] ANAS. Cinta-Senese Standard di razza [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://bit.ly/2O4Yk5o [Accessed: April 12, 2018]

[2] Rosito M. Cinta senese rinascita di una razza. Eurocarni. 2008;3:196

[3] FAO. The Domestic Animal Diversity Information System [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http://dad.fao.org/ [Accessed: July 19, 2017]

[4] ANAS database, Gallo M. Personal communication; 2015

[5] Franci O, Crovetti A, Esposito S and Sirtori F. La realtà della Cinta Senese. In: Pacini SpA e Comunità Montana del Mugello editors. Progetto Europeo QUBIC Allevamento, Qualità, Biodiversità, Innovazione e Competitività; 2011. pp. 21-48

[6] Leenhouwers JI, Merks JWM. Suitability of traditional and conventional pig breeds in organic and low-input production systems in Europe: Survey results and a review of literature. Animal Genetic Resources/ Resources Génétiques Animales/ Recursos Genéticos Animales. 2013;53: 169-184. DOI: 10.1017/ S2078633612000446

[7] Maiorano G. Swine production in Italy and research perspectives for the local breeds. Slovak Journal of Animal Science. 2009;42:159-166

[8] Gallo M, Buttazzoni L. Ruolo del Registro anagrafico per la conservazione dei tipi genetici autoctoni. In: Nanni Costa L, Zambonelli P, Russo V, editors. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on the Mediterranean Pig; 11-13 October 2007; Messina–Capo d'Orlando, Italy; Bologna, Italy: AlmaDL; 2008. pp. 429-434. DOI: 10.6092/unibo/amsacta/2513

[9] Mascagni O. I suini di razza Cinta Senese ed il loro miglioramento. Agricoltura toscana. 1947:337-343

[10] Franci O, Acciaioli A, Pugliese C, Bozzi R, Campodoni G, Gandini G. Performances di scrofe di razza Cinta Senese allevate al brado ed a stabulazione. In: Delfino C, editor. Proceedings of IV Convegno Nazionale Bodiversità: Germoplasma locale e sua valorizzazione; 8-11 September 1998; Alghero, Italy; 1998. pp. 1103-1106

[11] Bozzi R, Buttazzoni L, Pugliese C, Franci O. Genetic parameters for teat number and litter size in Cinta Senese pig. In: Minvielle F, editor. Proceedings of the 7th World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod; 19-23 August 2002; Montpellier, France. Inra; 2002. pp. 91-94

[12] Crovetti A, Bozzi R, Pugliese C, Acciaioli A, Franci O. Genetic parameters of productive and reproductive traits in Cinta Senese pig. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2005; 4:82-84. DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2005.2s.82

[13] Pugliese C, Lopez-Bote C, Franci O, Daza A. Cinta Senese e suino Iberico: Due realtà a confronto. Rivista Di Suinicoltura. 2006;47:141-146

[14] Franci O, Pugliese C. Italian autochthonous pigs: Progress report and research perspectives. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2007;6:663-671. DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.663

[15] Sargentini C, Acciaioli A, Bianchi M, Ania G. Maternal aptitude of Cinta Senese sows and behaviour of piglets throughout suckling. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2003;2:391-393. DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2003.11676021

[16] Bonadonna T. Zootecnica Speciale. cap. 2. ed. Verese, Italy: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino; 1950

Author details

Carolina Pugliese<sup>1</sup>

Italy.

82

Florence, Florence, Italy

\*, Riccardo Bozzi<sup>1</sup>

2 ANAS-National Association of Pig Breeders, Rome, Italy.

4 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

\*Address all correspondence to: carolina.pugliese@unifi.it

Luca Fontanesi<sup>3</sup> and Nina Batorek-Lukač<sup>4</sup>

, Maurizio Gallo<sup>2</sup>

1 Department of Agro-Food and Environmental Production Sciences, University of

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

3 Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna,

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited. **–NC**

, Claudia Geraci<sup>3</sup>

,

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carcass traits and meat properties of Cinta Senese pigs. Animal. 2014;8: 1987-1995

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European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

della razza suina Cinta Senese: Primi risultati sull'accrescimento e sullo sviluppo morfologico. Rivista di Suinicoltura. 1998;7:79-83

[24] Acciaioli A, Pugliese C, Bozzi R, Campodoni G, Franci O, Gandini G. Productivity of Cinta Senese and Large White x Cinta Senese pigs reared outdoor on woodlands and indoor. 1. Growth and somatic development. Italian Journal of

Animal Science. 2002;1:171-180

Journal of Animal Science.

2003;2:59-65

397-399

[25] Franci O, Campodoni G, Bozzi R, Pugliese C, Acciaioli A, Gandini G. Productivity of Cinta Senese and Large White x Cinta Senese pigs reared outdoors in woodlands and indoors. 2. Slaughter and carcass traits. Italian

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[27] Pugliese C, Campodoni G, Badii M, Pianaccioli L, Franci O. Cinta Senese and Large White x Cinta Senese raised on pasture in wood: Sample join composition and meat quality. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2003;2:

[28] Sirtori F, Crovetti A, Zilio DM, Pugliese C, Acciaioli A, Campodoni G, et al. Effect of sire breed and rearing system on growth, carcass composition

and meat traits of Cinta Senese

Science. 2011;10:188-194

crossbred pigs. Italian Journal of Animal

[29] Sirtori F, Crovetti A, Acciaioli A, Pugliese C, Bozzi R, Campodoni G, et al. Effect of dietary protein level on

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[19] Bonanzinga M, Franci O, Cappè F, Sirtori F, Crovetti A. Esposito S, et al. The breeding of the main local pig breeds in Mediterranean Europe. In: De Pedro EJ, Cabezas AB, editors. Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 101; 14-16 October 2010; Córdoba Spain. Zaragoza Spain:

CIHEAM; 2012. pp. 117-124

2000. pp. 201-204

84

[20] Franci O, Pugliese C, Acciaioli A, Campodoni G, Bozzi R, Gandini G. Chemical and physical characteristics of meat from Cinta Senese, Large White and related cross pigs reared indoors. In: Almeida JA, Tirapicos Nunes JL, editors. Option Mediterraneennes. Serie. A. No. 41; 26-28 November 1998; Evora, Portugal. Zaragoza, Spain: CIHEAM;

[21] Franci O, Bozzi R, Pugliese C, Acciaioli A, Campodoni G, Gandini G. Performance of Cinta senese pigs and their crosses with Large White. 1 Muscle and subcutaneous fat characteristics. Meat Science. 2005;69:545-550

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[23] Campodoni G, Acciaioli A, Bozzi R, Pugliese C, Franci O. Caratterizzazione

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Chapter 7

Abstract

Croatia

87

Black Slavonian

(Crna slavonska) Pig

Vladimir Margeta, Kristina Gvozdanović, Goran Kušec,

thonous pig breed in the Republic of Croatia and one of the local pig breeds

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) pig was created during the second part of the nineteenth century using planned crossing between four pig breeds. It is an autoch-

investigated in the project TREASURE. The present chapter aims to present history and current status of Black Slavonian pig breed, its exterior phenotypic characteristics, reproductive traits, geographical location, production system and main products from this breed of pigs. Also, a collection and review of available literature data, available until August 2017, on productive traits of Black Slavonian pig breed were carried out. Growth performance was estimated utilising average daily gain and average daily feed intake in the overall fattening stage as this was the information mostly provided in considered studies. Carcass traits were evaluated by means of age and weight at slaughter, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, muscularity and back fat thickness. Meat quality traits of the longissimus muscle evaluated were objective colour and intramuscular fat content. Although a considerable number of studies on Black Slavonian pig were included in the current review, data on growth performance and some parameters of carcass, meat and fat quality are scarce.

Keywords: traditional European breed, TREASURE, productive traits, phenotype,

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) pig is an autochthonous pig breed in the Republic of Croatia. It was created during the second part of the nineteenth century on the estate of Count Pfeifer, Orlovnjak, near Osijek. It is also known by the name "Fajferica". It is a result of planned crossing between four pig breeds: Mangalitsa, Berkshire, Poland China and Large Black pig. This crossing aimed to create a pig with better meat and fertility traits. The first phase of crossing includes ten gilts of Mangalitsa and Berkshire boars. Additionally, Poland China boars were included in crossing schemes every 10 years. These systematic crossings were carried out from 1870 to 1910 [1]. The final phase of creation of Black Slavonian breed was during 1920 when crossing with English black breed-large black occurred. The success of crossing and breeding was confirmed in 1873 by winning gold medals at the Vienna Agricultural Fair [2]. At the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Black Slavonian pig was the most common and, from an economic standpoint, the

1. History and current status of the breed (census)

Ivona Djurkin Kušec and Nina Batorek-Lukač

#### Chapter 7
