Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig

Vladimir Margeta, Kristina Gvozdanović, Goran Kušec, Ivona Djurkin Kušec and Nina Batorek-Lukač

#### Abstract

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) pig was created during the second part of the nineteenth century using planned crossing between four pig breeds. It is an autochthonous pig breed in the Republic of Croatia and one of the local pig breeds investigated in the project TREASURE. The present chapter aims to present history and current status of Black Slavonian pig breed, its exterior phenotypic characteristics, reproductive traits, geographical location, production system and main products from this breed of pigs. Also, a collection and review of available literature data, available until August 2017, on productive traits of Black Slavonian pig breed were carried out. Growth performance was estimated utilising average daily gain and average daily feed intake in the overall fattening stage as this was the information mostly provided in considered studies. Carcass traits were evaluated by means of age and weight at slaughter, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, muscularity and back fat thickness. Meat quality traits of the longissimus muscle evaluated were objective colour and intramuscular fat content. Although a considerable number of studies on Black Slavonian pig were included in the current review, data on growth performance and some parameters of carcass, meat and fat quality are scarce.

Keywords: traditional European breed, TREASURE, productive traits, phenotype, Croatia

#### 1. History and current status of the breed (census)

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) pig is an autochthonous pig breed in the Republic of Croatia. It was created during the second part of the nineteenth century on the estate of Count Pfeifer, Orlovnjak, near Osijek. It is also known by the name "Fajferica". It is a result of planned crossing between four pig breeds: Mangalitsa, Berkshire, Poland China and Large Black pig. This crossing aimed to create a pig with better meat and fertility traits. The first phase of crossing includes ten gilts of Mangalitsa and Berkshire boars. Additionally, Poland China boars were included in crossing schemes every 10 years. These systematic crossings were carried out from 1870 to 1910 [1]. The final phase of creation of Black Slavonian breed was during 1920 when crossing with English black breed-large black occurred. The success of crossing and breeding was confirmed in 1873 by winning gold medals at the Vienna Agricultural Fair [2]. At the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Black Slavonian pig was the most common and, from an economic standpoint, the

Measurement (average) Adult male Adult female

Snout Long and thin Coat colour pattern Plain Coat colour type Black Head profile Concave Ear type Droopy (pendulous) Ear orientation Project forwards Skin Smooth Tail type Straight, curly (kinked) Backline Straight, swaybacked

Measured from the tip of the nose to the starting point of the tail.

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763

Summary of morphology information on Black Slavonian pig breed.

1

Table 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

89

Black Slavonian boar.

Black Slavonian sow with piglets.

Figure 1. Census of Black Slavonian pig breed, presenting number of sows and boars per year.

most important pig in what is now eastern Croatia. Thus, it is nowadays rightly considered an indigenous breed. Census of Black Slavonian pig breed is presented in Figure 1. Presently there about 209 registered farms with 1930 breeding sows and 242 boars of Black Slavonian pig breed in the latest available status ([3], December 2017).

#### 2. Exterior phenotypic characteristics

The Black Slavonian pig breed morphology information is summarised in Table 1. By morphological characteristics, Black Slavonian pig breed is similar to Mangalitsa, although regarding physiological characteristics it is more similar to the Berkshire and Poland China pig breed. The most important characteristic of Black Slavonian pig breed is its black coat colour. The peas and snout are also dark. Black Slavonian pig is a medium-sized pig. The height of the ridge is 65 to 70 cm. The head is medium long with a dense profile and with medium-sized and semi-circular drooping ears. The muscular neck is medium wide and medium in length. The chest is deep and wide. The body and legs are relatively short, whereas the hips are wide and fallen [3] (Figures 2 and 3).


#### Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763


#### Table 1.

most important pig in what is now eastern Croatia. Thus, it is nowadays rightly considered an indigenous breed. Census of Black Slavonian pig breed is presented in Figure 1. Presently there about 209 registered farms with 1930 breeding sows and 242 boars of Black Slavonian pig breed in the latest available status ([3], December

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

Census of Black Slavonian pig breed, presenting number of sows and boars per year.

The Black Slavonian pig breed morphology information is summarised in Table 1. By morphological characteristics, Black Slavonian pig breed is similar to Mangalitsa, although regarding physiological characteristics it is more similar to the Berkshire and Poland China pig breed. The most important characteristic of Black Slavonian pig breed is its black coat colour. The peas and snout are also dark. Black Slavonian pig is a medium-sized pig. The height of the ridge is 65 to 70 cm. The head is medium long with a dense profile and with medium-sized and semi-circular drooping ears. The muscular neck is medium wide and medium in length. The chest is deep and wide. The body and legs are relatively short, whereas the hips are wide

Measurement (average) Adult male Adult female Body weight (kg) 250 200 Body length<sup>1</sup> (cm) 130 120 Head length (cm) 50 50 Tail length (cm) 30 30 Ear length Large Large Chest girth (cm) 110 100 Height at withers (cm) 75 70 Number of teats 10–14 10–14

Hair Curly, straight, short, long Tusks Present

2017).

Figure 1.

2. Exterior phenotypic characteristics

and fallen [3] (Figures 2 and 3).

Other specific visible traits

88

Summary of morphology information on Black Slavonian pig breed.

Figure 2. Black Slavonian sow with piglets.

Figure 3. Black Slavonian boar.

#### 3. Geographical location and production system

Black Slavonian pig is bred in the area of Slavonian counties: Brodsko-Posavska, Požeško-Slavonska, Osječko-Baranjske and Vukovarsko-Srijemska. Today the Black Slavonian pig is bred, also, in the area of Sisak-Moslavačka County. Black Slavonian pig breed is suitable for keeping under extensive, intensive and semi-intensive conditions. Breeding under semi-intensive conditions is the traditional production system for Black Slavonian pig [4, 5]. In this system, pigs are kept in pastures and woods where they exploit the food they find. On 1 ha of pasture area, 15 to 20 sows can be reared, depending on available nutrition and amount of the soil. To emphasise the traditional meaning of Black Slavonian pig, it is advisable to build facilities in a traditional style typical for the breeding area. Facilities for gilts and sows should be semi-open object (30 m<sup>2</sup> ). Size of farrowing pen should be at least 6 1.5 m. After the farrowing, piglets should be placed together. Fattening period is a final stage of production system. This period must last at least 18 months and during this period pigs can reach from 130 to 150 kg [6]. Under extensive rearing conditions, pigs are kept on pastures where all the food is available to the pigs. The basis of nutrition in the system is acorn with additional feeding during the winter period [7]. Exceptionally before farrowing, sows are placed in semi-open facilities whose floors are filled up with straw. Sows and piglets in such facilities remain until weaning [2].

#### 4. Organisations for breeding, monitoring and conservation

The conservation and breeding programme began in 1994 and is carried out by the Croatian Agricultural Agency (Hrvatska poljoprivredna agencija, HPA). The agency is in charge of keeping the register, marking the pigs and assessing the breeding value of breeding male and female animals. Monetary funds support the breeding of Black Slavonian pigs (150 EUR per year per breeding animal). The pedigree issuance is carried out in cooperation with the association of breeders of Black Slavonian pig "Fajferica", which is also responsible for the implementation of the breeding programme (Table 2).


Table 2.

Contact details of breeding organisation for Black Slavonian pig breed.

#### 5. Productive performance

#### 5.1 Reproductive traits

Basic data obtained on reproductive traits in this review are presented in Table 3. The average age of sows at first parturition is 15 months [13, 15]. According Reference

91

 Sow age at first

Litters per sow

No. of piglets

Piglet live

Stillborn per

Piglet live

Piglet weaning

Duration of

Farrowing

interval (d)

lactation (d)

weight (kg)

weaning (%)

litter (%)

weight (kg)

alive per litter

parturition

[3]

[8] [9]

[10] [11] [12] [13]

—

15.0

> [14]

[15] [16, 17] [17, 18] [19, 20]

[21] [22] [23] No. = number, mth = month, d = days.

Table 3.

Summary of collected literature data on

reproduction

 traits in Black Slavonian pig breed.

—

 —

—

 —

—

 —

—

 —

—

—

 —

1.1

6.5

6.9 5.0

6.8

6.6

—

3.5

6.8

—

——

—

1.0

5.4

—

——

—

15.9

7.1

—

57

—

1.3

8.7

8.8

11.3

—

 —

—

6.8

12.4

—

 —

—

14.6

 —

—

 —

6.1

1.2

—

———

 —

2.2

—

6.1

1.3

——

———

—

 —

2.0

6.5

1.3

13.3

7.7

9.5

 —

 —

11.0

 —

 —

 —

326

56

—

 —

 —

 —

49

183

165

—

 —

—

 —

 (mth)

—

—

—

 —

1.8

7.4 6.3

6.1 6.0

—

11.1 ———

———

9.5

—

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

——

—

 —

10.3

—

 —

201

1.2

5.5

6.1

—

 —

15.9

—

——

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763

> —

10.3

11.2

—

——

per year


#### Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763

3. Geographical location and production system

Slavonian pig is bred, also, in the area of Sisak-Moslava

2

"Fajferica

ča crne slavonske svinje

Contact details of breeding organisation for Black Slavonian pig breed.

Name of organisation Address Web address

the breeding programme (Table 2).

Hrvatska poljoprivredna agencija/ Croatian Agricultural Agency

Slavonije, Baranje i zapadnog Srijema/ Association of breeders of Black

5. Productive performance

5.1 Reproductive traits

Po ž e

ško-Slavonska, Osje

be semi-open object (30 m

weaning [2].

Black Slavonian pig

Udruga uzgajiva

Slavonian pig

Table 2.

90

Black Slavonian pig is bred in the area of Slavonian counties: Brodsko-Posavska,

pig breed is suitable for keeping under extensive, intensive and semi-intensive conditions. Breeding under semi-intensive conditions is the traditional production system for Black Slavonian pig [4, 5]. In this system, pigs are kept in pastures and woods where they exploit the food they find. On 1 ha of pasture area, 15 to 20 sows can be reared, depending on available nutrition and amount of the soil. To emphasise the traditional meaning of Black Slavonian pig, it is advisable to build facilities in a traditional style typical for the breeding area. Facilities for gilts and sows should

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

After the farrowing, piglets should be placed together. Fattening period is a final stage of production system. This period must last at least 18 months and during this period pigs can reach from 130 to 150 kg [6]. Under extensive rearing conditions, pigs are kept on pastures where all the food is available to the pigs. The basis of nutrition in the system is acorn with additional feeding during the winter period [7]. Exceptionally before farrowing, sows are placed in semi-open facilities whose floors are filled up with straw. Sows and piglets in such facilities remain until

4. Organisations for breeding, monitoring and conservation

The conservation and breeding programme began in 1994 and is carried out by the Croatian Agricultural Agency (Hrvatska poljoprivredna agencija, HPA). The agency is in charge of keeping the register, marking the pigs and assessing the breeding value of breeding male and female animals. Monetary funds support the breeding of Black Slavonian pigs (150 EUR per year per breeding animal). The pedigree issuance is carried out in cooperation with the association of breeders of

> Ilica 101, 10,000 Zagreb, Croatia

> > Đakovo,

Vladimira Nazora 1, 31,400

Croatia

Basic data obtained on reproductive traits in this review are presented in Table 3. The average age of sows at first parturition is 15 months [13, 15]. According

", which is also responsible for the implementation of

www.fajferica.hr

http://www.hpa.hr/sektori/sektor-za-ra zvoj-stocarske-proizvodnje/odjel-zasvinjogojstvo/izvorne-pasmine/

čko-Baranjske and Vukovarsko-Srijemska. Today the Black

). Size of farrowing pen should be at least 6

čka County. Black Slavonian

1.5 m.

Table 3.

Summary of collected literature data on reproduction traits in Black Slavonian pig breed.

to the collected literature, sows of Black Slavonian pig breed have 1.1 to 2.2 litters per year [3, 9, 13, 17, 18] with 5.0 to 7.4 piglets [3, 8, 9–14, 16–23] of approximately 1.3 kg live body weight [13, 15, 19, 20]. Stillborn percentage of piglets is very variable and ranges from 1.0 to 15.9% [3, 10, 13, 17–21]; similarly piglet mortality rate until weaning spans from 5.4 to 15.9% [3, 8–10, 13, 17–21]. Duration of lactation is prolonged in comparison with modern intensive systems up to 57 days [21], which leads to a longer farrowing interval (165 to 326 days [9, 13, 17, 18]) and also higher weaning weight (9.5 to 11.3 [13, 15, 19, 20]). According to Uremović et al. [8], the number of live-born piglets in litter is determined by the number of farrowings, breeding system and characteristics of the boar, while the number of weaned piglets depends on seasonality, breeding system and boar characteristics. Sows have good motherly characteristics. It can be concluded that the reproduction traits of Black Slavonian pig breed are modest, but sows have good motherly characteristics. Uremović et al. [9] suggest that increasing of fertility can be achieved by crossbreeding with Duroc.

Reference Feeding No. of

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763

animals

ADG lactation and growing<sup>1</sup>

— 24 — — — 509 — 27 — — — 224 — 27 — — — 206 — 120 165 225 325 220

—— — — — 550

— 20 — — — 211

— 10 — — — 251

Rest 5 — — — 285

[8] Rest 20 — — — 478 [13] — 24 — — — 567

[15] — — — — — 350

[19, 20] — 20 — — — 189

[24] Rest 10 — — — 250 [25, 26] — 10 — — — 285 [27, 28] — 10 — — — 376

[29] Rest 19 — — — 285 [30] Rest 5 — — — 285

[31] Rest 20 — — — 480 [32] Rest 30 — — — 245

ADG in a period of lactation and growing period estimated from birth to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

[13] 24 — — — 2.3

ADFI in a period of lactation and growing estimated from birth to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

ADFI in a period of fattening is reported for early and middle fattening stage estimated between approximately 30 and 100 kg and late fattening stage estimated above 100 kg live body weight. Sometimes the source provided only the

Summary of collected literature data on average daily feed intake (in kg/day) in Black Slavonian pig breed.

 — — — 1.9 — — — 2.2 — — — 1.8 0.5 1.0 1.3 1.3

ADG in a period of fattening is reported for early and middle fattening stage estimated between approximately 30 and 100 kg and late fattening stage estimated above 100 kg live body weight. Sometimes the source provided only the

No. = number; ADG = average daily gain in g; Rest = restrictive feeding regime.

overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

No. = number, ADFI = average daily feed intake in kg/day.

overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

Summary of collected literature data on growth performance in Black Slavonian pig breed.

Reference No. of animals ADFI lactation and growing<sup>1</sup> ADFI fattening<sup>2</sup>

1

2

1

2

93

Table 5.

Table 4.

ADG fattening<sup>2</sup> Early and middle

Early and middle Late Overall

Late Overall

#### 5.2 Growth performance

Basic data on growth performance obtained in this review are presented in Tables 4 and 5. Due to big differences between studies with regard to the live weight range covered, we defined the stages for growth performance as lactation (regardless of how long it was), growing stage (from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight) and early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. However, in the case of Black Slavonian pig breed, studies mostly provided the overall growth rate for the whole fattening stage (defined as overall). It should also be noted that a big part of the collected studies simulated practical conditions of the production systems used and that only a smaller part of the studies aimed at evaluating the breed potential for growth. A considerably slower growth rate characterises the overall fattening stage of Black Slavonian pigs compared to modern pig breeds (approximately 335 g/day) but also by high heterogeneity among studies (189 to 567 g/day [8, 13, 15, 19, 20, 24–32]). In extensive keeping conditions, average daily gain was lower when it is compared with intensive system where pigs are fed with corn, because production system affects the average daily intake, food utilisation and pig growth rate. In the context of the evaluation of growth performance, it is also of interest to observe the extreme values, because it can be assumed that the maximum figures exhibit the growth potentials of Black Slavonian pigs in ad libitum conditions of feeding (≈ 567 g/day in the overall fattening stage). Generally, the Black Slavonian pig can achieve the final weight of 100 kg in the period of 8 months, while the weight of 170 to 200 kg can be achieved in 18 to 24 months. The food conversion in these conditions ranges from 4.5 to 5 kg.

In considered studies, the information on feed intake and feed nutritional value were scarce, which limits the evaluation of growth potential. Average daily feed intake reported ranges from 1.3 to 2.3 kg/day in the overall fattening stage [13].

#### 5.3 Body composition and carcass traits

Basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered carcass traits that could be compared are presented in Table 6. In considered studies, pigs of Black Slavonian breed were slaughtered when reaching the final age of 359 to 550 days [27, 28, 32]. The final live weight covered in the studies spans from 21 to 230 kg [8, 13, 15, 24, 27, 28, 32, 34–38] because some studies aimed to



ADG in a period of fattening is reported for early and middle fattening stage estimated between approximately 30 and 100 kg and late fattening stage estimated above 100 kg live body weight. Sometimes the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

No. = number; ADG = average daily gain in g; Rest = restrictive feeding regime.

#### Table 4.

1

2

to the collected literature, sows of Black Slavonian pig breed have 1.1 to 2.2 litters per year [3, 9, 13, 17, 18] with 5.0 to 7.4 piglets [3, 8, 9–14, 16–23] of approximately 1.3 kg live body weight [13, 15, 19, 20]. Stillborn percentage of piglets is very variable and ranges from 1.0 to 15.9% [3, 10, 13, 17–21]; similarly piglet mortality rate until weaning spans from 5.4 to 15.9% [3, 8–10, 13, 17–21]. Duration of lactation is prolonged in comparison with modern intensive systems up to 57 days [21], which leads to a longer farrowing interval (165 to 326 days [9, 13, 17, 18]) and also higher weaning weight (9.5 to 11.3 [13, 15, 19, 20]). According to Uremović et al. [8], the number of live-born piglets in litter is determined by the number of farrowings, breeding system and characteristics of the boar, while the number of weaned piglets depends on seasonality, breeding system and boar characteristics. Sows have good motherly characteristics. It can be concluded that the reproduction traits of Black Slavonian pig breed are modest, but sows have good motherly characteristics. Uremović et al. [9] suggest that increasing of fertility can be

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

Basic data on growth performance obtained in this review are presented in Tables 4 and 5. Due to big differences between studies with regard to the live weight range covered, we defined the stages for growth performance as lactation (regardless of how long it was), growing stage (from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight) and early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. However, in the case of Black Slavonian pig breed, studies mostly provided the overall growth rate for the whole fattening stage (defined as overall). It should also be noted that a big part of the collected studies simulated practical conditions of the production systems used and that only a smaller part of the studies aimed at evaluating the breed potential for growth. A considerably slower growth rate characterises the overall fattening stage of Black Slavonian pigs compared to modern pig breeds (approximately 335 g/day) but also by high heterogeneity among studies (189 to 567 g/day [8, 13, 15, 19, 20, 24–32]). In extensive keeping conditions, average daily gain was lower when it is compared with intensive system where pigs are fed with corn, because production system affects the average daily intake, food utilisation and pig growth rate. In the context of the evaluation of growth performance, it is also of interest to observe the extreme values, because it can be assumed that the maximum figures exhibit the growth potentials of Black Slavonian pigs in ad libitum conditions of feeding (≈ 567 g/day in the overall fattening stage). Generally, the Black Slavonian pig can achieve the final weight of 100 kg in the period of 8 months, while the weight of 170 to 200 kg can be achieved in 18 to 24 months. The food conversion in these conditions ranges

In considered studies, the information on feed intake and feed nutritional value were scarce, which limits the evaluation of growth potential. Average daily feed intake reported ranges from 1.3 to 2.3 kg/day in the overall fattening stage [13].

Basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered

carcass traits that could be compared are presented in Table 6. In considered studies, pigs of Black Slavonian breed were slaughtered when reaching the final age of 359 to 550 days [27, 28, 32]. The final live weight covered in the studies spans from 21 to 230 kg [8, 13, 15, 24, 27, 28, 32, 34–38] because some studies aimed to

achieved by crossbreeding with Duroc.

5.2 Growth performance

from 4.5 to 5 kg.

92

5.3 Body composition and carcass traits

Summary of collected literature data on growth performance in Black Slavonian pig breed.


ADG in a period of lactation and growing period estimated from birth to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

No. = number, ADFI = average daily feed intake in kg/day.

1 ADFI in a period of lactation and growing estimated from birth to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

2 ADFI in a period of fattening is reported for early and middle fattening stage estimated between approximately 30 and 100 kg and late fattening stage estimated above 100 kg live body weight. Sometimes the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

#### Table 5.

Summary of collected literature data on average daily feed intake (in kg/day) in Black Slavonian pig breed.


estimate tissue deposition rates by comparative slaughter technique [13]. Also dressing yield ranges from 66.2 to 85.1% [8, 13, 15, 24, 27, 28, 34–38] and lean meat content from 27.9 to 47.2% (SEUROP classification or dissection [8, 13, 15, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 33, 34]). However, when taking into consideration studies with only final body weight higher than 100 kg, dressing yield is around 81% and lean meat content around 38%. The backfat thickness values measured at the level of the last rib ranges from 32 to 71 mm [13, 15, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 38] and at the level of the gluteus medius muscle from 22 to 49 mm [15, 31, 32, 35–37]. Muscularity measured as loin eye area is between 27 and 38 cm<sup>2</sup> [13, 15, 24, 27, 28] and as muscle thickness at the cranial edge of the gluteus medius between 57 and 72 mm [13, 19, 20, 31, 32]. Comparing the proportions of fat and muscle tissue in Black Slavonian pig and modern pig breeds, it can be concluded that Black Slavonian pigs have a significantly higher proportion of fatty tissue. Karolyi et al. [26] reported that the ratio of

Basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered

meat quality traits measured in the longissimus muscle that could be found are presented in Table 7. In the studies reporting meat quality of Black Slavonian pigs, pH measured in the longissimus muscle at 45 min and 24 h post-mortem ranged from 6.11 to 6.75 [13, 15, 19, 20, 24–32, 34–37] and from 5.57 to 5.91 [13, 15, 19, 20, 24– 30, 32, 34–37], respectively. The intramuscular fat content was highly variable, ranging from 5.0 to 12.3% [15, 24, 27, 28, 30, 33–37, 39], but in average (app. 7%) considerably higher than in modern pig breeds where this percentage is usually up to 2%. The colour measured in CIE L, a and b colour space was around 49, 16.1 and 3.3 for L, a\* and b\* [13, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 35–37, 39], respectively, demonstrating visually darker and redder colour of Black Slavonian pig breed meat. Water holding capacity, which affects the processing ability of meat, ranges from 3.98 to 4.50 cm2 [24, 27] measured by compression method and 1.68% [32] measured by the bag method. In the considered studies, no data on the fatty acid composition was found.

Black Slavonian pigs are today used for the production of piglets for sale, production of fattening pigs for fresh meat consumption and especially for the

muscle parts and fat tissue was 32% versus 27%.

6. Use of breed and main products

95

5.4 Meat and fat quality

Reference No. of

1

Table 6.

animals

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763

> Final age (d)

No. = number, BW = body weight; CW = carcass weight.

Final BW (kg)

Hot CW (kg) Dressing yield (%)

[35–37] 16 — 130 102 78.4 — 47 —— —

[38] 30 — 140 — 78.0 — — 35 — —

M muscle thickness measured according to ZP method (at the cranial edge of the gluteus medius muscle (mm)). <sup>2</sup>

Summary of collected literature data on body composition and carcass traits in Black Slavonian pig breed.

S backfat thickness measured according to ZP method (above the gluteus medius muscle (mm)).

16 — 130 102 78.5 — 46 —— —

Lean meat content (%)

Backfat thickness (mm)

S1 At last rib M2 (mm)

Loin eye area (cm<sup>2</sup> )


No. = number, BW = body weight; CW = carcass weight.

1 M muscle thickness measured according to ZP method (at the cranial edge of the gluteus medius muscle (mm)). <sup>2</sup> S backfat thickness measured according to ZP method (above the gluteus medius muscle (mm)).

#### Table 6.

Reference No. of

94

animals

Final age (d)

Final BW (kg)

Hot CW (kg)

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

Dressing yield (%)

[8] 20 — 106 85 80.3 43.0 —— — — [13] 24 — 228 — 84.5 — — 71 71 38

[15] — — 101 81 79.8 33.0 49 51 — 27 [19, 20] 20 ——— — 39.7 — 41 57 —

[24] 10 — 136 112 82.4 41.0 — 50 — 33 [27, 28] 10 359 135 112 83.0 38.5 — 55 — 32

[31] 20 — — 116 — — 41 — 64 — [32] 30 550 95 78 — — 22 — 58 — [33] — —— 79 — 32.6 —— — — [34] 16 — 110 86 77.8 47.1 —— — —

20 ——— — 44.1 — 34 63 —

10 540 136 112 82.4 41.0 — 50 — 33

16 — 130 102 78.4 47.2 —— — —

 — 207 — 83.6 — — 67 72 36 — 126 — 79.9 — — 40 65 31 — 116 — 80.7 — — 32 62 34 — 23 — 68.6 39.6 —— — — — 21 — 66.6 38.6 —— — — — 40 — 66.2 43.4 —— — — — 39 — 68.8 44.1 —— — — — 103 — 77.4 32.7 —— — — — 84 — 71.0 40.1 —— — — — 163 — 81.5 29.2 —— — — — 130 — 80.7 37.6 —— — — — 230 — 84.2 27.9 —— — — — 207 — 83.0 28.4 —— — — — 30 — 74.2 40.6 —— — — — 28 — 74.1 40.2 —— — — — 51 — 77.9 43.4 —— — — — 41 — 78.8 43.0 —— — — — 73 — 80.8 44.2 —— — — — 60 — 81.7 42.8 —— — — — 96 — 83.0 44.9 —— — — — 83 — 82.8 41.4 —— — — — 125 — 85.1 39.0 —— — — — 116 — 84.1 37.3 —— — —

Lean meat content (%)

Backfat thickness (mm)

S1 At last rib M2 (mm)

Loin eye area (cm<sup>2</sup> )

Summary of collected literature data on body composition and carcass traits in Black Slavonian pig breed.

estimate tissue deposition rates by comparative slaughter technique [13]. Also dressing yield ranges from 66.2 to 85.1% [8, 13, 15, 24, 27, 28, 34–38] and lean meat content from 27.9 to 47.2% (SEUROP classification or dissection [8, 13, 15, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 33, 34]). However, when taking into consideration studies with only final body weight higher than 100 kg, dressing yield is around 81% and lean meat content around 38%. The backfat thickness values measured at the level of the last rib ranges from 32 to 71 mm [13, 15, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 38] and at the level of the gluteus medius muscle from 22 to 49 mm [15, 31, 32, 35–37]. Muscularity measured as loin eye area is between 27 and 38 cm<sup>2</sup> [13, 15, 24, 27, 28] and as muscle thickness at the cranial edge of the gluteus medius between 57 and 72 mm [13, 19, 20, 31, 32]. Comparing the proportions of fat and muscle tissue in Black Slavonian pig and modern pig breeds, it can be concluded that Black Slavonian pigs have a significantly higher proportion of fatty tissue. Karolyi et al. [26] reported that the ratio of muscle parts and fat tissue was 32% versus 27%.

#### 5.4 Meat and fat quality

Basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered meat quality traits measured in the longissimus muscle that could be found are presented in Table 7. In the studies reporting meat quality of Black Slavonian pigs, pH measured in the longissimus muscle at 45 min and 24 h post-mortem ranged from 6.11 to 6.75 [13, 15, 19, 20, 24–32, 34–37] and from 5.57 to 5.91 [13, 15, 19, 20, 24– 30, 32, 34–37], respectively. The intramuscular fat content was highly variable, ranging from 5.0 to 12.3% [15, 24, 27, 28, 30, 33–37, 39], but in average (app. 7%) considerably higher than in modern pig breeds where this percentage is usually up to 2%. The colour measured in CIE L, a and b colour space was around 49, 16.1 and 3.3 for L, a\* and b\* [13, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 35–37, 39], respectively, demonstrating visually darker and redder colour of Black Slavonian pig breed meat. Water holding capacity, which affects the processing ability of meat, ranges from 3.98 to 4.50 cm2 [24, 27] measured by compression method and 1.68% [32] measured by the bag method. In the considered studies, no data on the fatty acid composition was found.

#### 6. Use of breed and main products

Black Slavonian pigs are today used for the production of piglets for sale, production of fattening pigs for fresh meat consumption and especially for the


must be improved and harmonised. An increase in production of quality traditional

The research was conducted within the project TREASURE, which has received

funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 634476. The content of this paper reflects only the author's view, and the European Union Agency is not responsible for any

use that may be made of the information it contains.

\*, Kristina Gvozdanović<sup>1</sup>

1 Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Osijek, Croatia

2 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

\*Address all correspondence to: vmargeta@pfos.hr

, Goran Kušec<sup>1</sup>

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited. **–NC**

, Ivona Djurkin Kušec<sup>1</sup>

value-added products is expected

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763

Acknowledgements

Author details

Vladimir Margeta<sup>1</sup>

97

and Nina Batorek-Lukač<sup>2</sup>

No. = number, pH 45 = pH measured approximately 45 minutes post-mortem; pH 24 = pH measured approximately 24 hours post-mortem. <sup>1</sup>

CIE = objective colour defined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage; L\* greater value indicates a lighter colour; a\* greater value indicates a redder colour; b\* greater value indicates a more yellow colour.

#### Table 7.

Summary of collected literature data on meat quality in Black Slavonian pig breed.

production of traditional pork products such as ham, kulen, bacon, sausage, dry cured neck and fat. More recently, the production of dry-cured ham from the Black Slavonian pigs has also begun. At present, the procedure for protection of the product "Meso crne slavonske svinje" with PDI mark is being carried out. The quality of meat and products from Black Slavonian pig has also been investigated. Results show correlations between production system and quality of smoked ham from Black Slavonian pigs; the quality was significantly better when hams were produced from pigs kept outdoors and fed with green alfalfa as the feed basis [37]. Also, the research from Karoly et al. [26] shows that Black Slavonian pigs have poorer production characteristics, but significantly improved qualitative and technological properties of meat, and that the kulen produced from Black Slavonian pigs has better quality. In the future, the production systems of Black Slavonian pigs

must be improved and harmonised. An increase in production of quality traditional value-added products is expected

### Acknowledgements

The research was conducted within the project TREASURE, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 634476. The content of this paper reflects only the author's view, and the European Union Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

### Author details

Vladimir Margeta<sup>1</sup> \*, Kristina Gvozdanović<sup>1</sup> , Goran Kušec<sup>1</sup> , Ivona Djurkin Kušec<sup>1</sup> and Nina Batorek-Lukač<sup>2</sup>


\*Address all correspondence to: vmargeta@pfos.hr

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited. **–NC**

production of traditional pork products such as ham, kulen, bacon, sausage, dry cured neck and fat. More recently, the production of dry-cured ham from the Black Slavonian pigs has also begun. At present, the procedure for protection of the product "Meso crne slavonske svinje" with PDI mark is being carried out. The quality of meat and products from Black Slavonian pig has also been investigated. Results show correlations between production system and quality of smoked ham from Black Slavonian pigs; the quality was significantly better when hams were produced from pigs kept outdoors and fed with green alfalfa as the feed basis [37]. Also, the research from Karoly et al. [26] shows that Black Slavonian pigs have poorer production characteristics, but significantly improved qualitative and technological properties of meat, and that the kulen produced from Black Slavonian pigs has better quality. In the future, the production systems of Black Slavonian pigs

CIE = objective colour defined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage; L\* greater value indicates a lighter

Reference No. of animals pH 45 pH 24 CIE<sup>1</sup> Intramuscular

24 6.44 5.91 45 9.6 0.5 — 27 6.53 5.75 48 10.5 1.7 — 27 6.49 5.70 47 10.9 1.7 —

20 6.28 6.63 54 —— —

10 6.70 5.80 ——— 5.9

5 6.25 5.86 49 19.7 3.2 6.6

16 6.23 5.61 51 — — 6.9

16 6.47 5.75 48 19.3 5.5 12.3

16 6.23 5.61 51 18.4 — 6.9

[13] 24 6.44 5.87 46 12.1 1.1 —

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

[15] — 6.75 5.62 ——— 7.9 [19, 20] 20 6.21 5.61 48 —— —

[24] 10 6.60 5.80 ——— 5.9 [25, 26] 10 6.18 5.87 50 20.0 4.7 — [27, 28] 10 6.60 5.70 ——— 5.0

[29] 19 6.44 5.77 48 9.3 3.0 — [30] 5 6.11 5.88 51 20.3 6.2 7.2

[31] 20 6.32 — ——— — [32] 30 6.41 5.78 45 19.5 3.1 — [33] — — — ——— 7.9 [34] 16 6.36 5.57 51 — — 6.8

[35–37] 16 6.23 5.61 51 18.4 6.0 6.9

[38] 30 6.51 — 45 —— — [39] 20 6.65 5.75 48 21.6 — 5.4

No. = number, pH 45 = pH measured approximately 45 minutes post-mortem; pH 24 = pH measured

colour; a\* greater value indicates a redder colour; b\* greater value indicates a more yellow colour.

Summary of collected literature data on meat quality in Black Slavonian pig breed.

approximately 24 hours post-mortem. <sup>1</sup>

Table 7.

96

fat content (%) L\* a\* b\*

#### References

[1] Uremović M. Crna slavonska svinja ulazi u fazu izčezavanja. Agronomski Glasnik. 2005;57(4–5):311-316

[2] Karolyi D, Luković Z, Salajpal K. Crna slavonska svinja. Meso. 2010; 12(4):222-230

[3] Hrvatska Poljoprivredna Agencija (HPA). HPA—Godišnje Izvješće za [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http:// www.hpa.hr/godisnja-izvjesca/ [Accessed: 21-9-2017]

[4] Budimir K, Margeta V, Kralik G, Margeta P. Silvo pastoral keeping conditions of the black slavonian pigs. Krmiva. 2014;55(3):151-157

[5] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Margeta P, Kušec ID, Radišić Ž, Galović D, et al. Low input production system suitable for black Slavonian pig breeding. Acta Argiculturae Slovenica. 2016;5:122-126

[6] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Galović D, Grčević M, Radišić Ž. Production and carcass traits of Black Slavonian fattening pigs to higher final body weight. In: Lulić S, editor. Zbornik Sažetaka KRMIVA 2016; 1-6 June 2016; Opatija, Croatia. Zagreb, Croatia: KRMIVA d.o.o.; 2016. pp. 67-68

[7] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Djurkin Kušec I, Margeta P, Kušec G, Radišić Ž. The effect of the acorn in feeding on the production and slaughter traits of crna slavonska pig. In: Petrović M, editor. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium Modern Trends in Livestock Production; 11-13 October 2017; Belgrade, Serbia. Belgrade, Serbia: Institute for Animal Husbandry; 2017. pp. 327-334. ISBN: 978-86-82431-73-2

[8] Uremović M, Uremović Z, Luković Z. Production properties of the black Slavonian pig breed. Zbornik Biotehniśke Fakultete Univerze v

Ljubljani, Kmetijstvo Zootehnika. 2000; 76:131-134

Genetic parameters and trends for litter size in Black Slavonian pigs. In: De Pedro EJ, Cabezas AB, editors. Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 101; 14–16 October 2010; Córdoba, Spain. Zaragoza, Spain:

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763

Faculty, University of Ljubljana; 2013.

[23] Menčik S, Sabbioni A, Ostović M, Mahnet Ž, Beretti V, Superchi P, et al. Effect of seasonality on litter size traits in black slavonian and "Nero di Parma"

[24] Senčić Đ, Bukvić Ž, Antunović Z, Šperanda M. Slaughter quality of black Slavonian pig–endangered breed and its cross-breeds with Swedish landrace while keeping them outdoor. Poljoprivreda. 2005;11:43-49

[25] Karolyi D, Salajpal K, Sinjeri Ž, Kovačić D, Jurić I, Đikić M. Meat quality, blood stress indicators and trimmed cut yield comparison of black Slavonian pig with modern pigs in the production of Slavonian Kulen. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 2004;1:67-72

[26] Karolyi D, Salajpal K, Sinjeri Ž, Kovačić D, Jurić I, Đikić M. Kvaliteta mesa i iskorištenja trupa crne slavonske i modernih svinja u proizvodnji kulena.

[27] Butko D, Senčić Đ, Antunović Z, Šperanda M, Steiner Z. Pork carcass composition and the meat quality of the black Slavonian pig–the endangered breeds in the indoor and outdoor keeping system. Poljoprivreda. 2007;13:

[28] Senčić Đ, Butko D, Antunović Z. Evaluacija crne slavonske svinje u odnosu na sustav držanja i križanje.

[29] Salajpal K, Karolyi D, Kantura V, Nejedli S, Đikić M. Muscle fiber characteristics of Black Slavonian pig– autochthonous Croatian breed. In: Nanni Costa L, Zambonelli P, Russo V, editors. Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on the Mediterranean Pig; 11-13 October 2007; Capo d'Orlando, Italy. Bologna, Italy: AlmaDL; 2008.

Stočarstvo. 2008;62:69-73

Meso. 2006;8:29-33

167-171

pp. 293-293

pigs. Stočarstvo. 2016;69:3-10

pp. 45-48

[17] Morić V. Estimation of heritability for litter size in population of Black Slavonian pig [thesis]. Zagreb, Croatia: Agronomski Fakultet, Sveučilište u

[18] Hrvatska Poljoprivredna Agencija (HPA). HPA—Godišnje Izvješće za [Internet]. 2006. Available from: http://

[19] Živković I. Voluminozna krmiva u hranidbi crne slavonske svinje [thesis]. Osjek, Croatia: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Animal

[20] Živković I, Gvozdanović K, Galović D, Steiner Z, Margeta V. Alfalfa as a protein supplement in feeding of Black slavonian pig-fajferica. In: Vila S, Antunović Z, editors. Proceedings of the 52. hrvatski i 12. međunarodni simpozij agronoma; 12-17 February 2017; Dubrovnik, Croatia. Osijek, Croatia:

www.hpa.hr/godisnja-izvjesca/

[Accessed: 21-9-2017]

Husbandary; 2016

Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja

pp. 589-593

2017

99

Strossmayera u Osijeku; 2017.

na reproduktivna svojstva crne slavonske svinje [thesis]. Križevci, Croatia: Križevci College of Agriculture;

[21] Poljak A. Utjecaj dobi prvopraskinja

[22] Kabalin AE, Starčević K, Menčik S, Maurić M, Sušić V, Štoković I. Analysis of ESR and RBP polymorphisms in black Slavonian sows: Preliminary results. In: Dovč P, Čandek-Potokar M, editors. Acta Argicul Slov Supplement 4; 10-12 October 2013; Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biotechnical

CIHEAM; 2012. pp. 71-73

Zagrebu; 2011

[9] Uremović M, Uremović Z, Luković Z, Konjačić M. The influence of genotype and production conditions on the fertility of sows in outdoor system. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus. 2003;68:245-248

[10] Senčić DJ, Antunović Z, Andabaka Z. Reproduktivna svojstva crne slavonske svinje–Ugrožene pasmine. Poljoprivreda. 2001;7:39-42

[11] Luković Z, Mahnet Ž, Karolyi D, Salajpal K, Škorput D. Genetic parameters for litter size in Black Slavonian pigs with each parity treated as a different trait. In: Dovč P, Čandek-Potokar M, editors. Acta Argiculturae Slovenica, Supplement 4; 10-12 October 2013; Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana; 2013. pp. 3-35

[12] Obad I. Čimbenici plodnosti crne slavonske svinje [thesis]. Zagreb, Croatia: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science; 2016. p. 26

[13] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Margeta P, Djurkin Kušec I, Radišić Ž, Galović D, Kušec G. Low input production system suitable for Black Slavonian pig breeding // Acta argiculturae Slovenica, 2016 (2016), Suppl. 5; 122-126

[14] Skorput D, Gorjanc G, Dikić M, Luković Z. Genetic parameters for litter size in black Slavonian pigs. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2014; 12:89-97

[15] Kralik G, Petričević A, Jovanovac S, Senčić Đ. Black slavonian pig. Stočarstvo. 1994;48:371-376

[16] Luković Z, Karolyi D, Klišanić V, Mahnet Ž, Gantner V, Škorput D.

Black Slavonian (Crna slavonska) Pig DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83763

References

12(4):222-230

[1] Uremović M. Crna slavonska svinja ulazi u fazu izčezavanja. Agronomski Glasnik. 2005;57(4–5):311-316

Ljubljani, Kmetijstvo Zootehnika. 2000;

[9] Uremović M, Uremović Z, Luković Z, Konjačić M. The influence of

genotype and production conditions on the fertility of sows in outdoor system. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus.

[10] Senčić DJ, Antunović Z, Andabaka

[11] Luković Z, Mahnet Ž, Karolyi D, Salajpal K, Škorput D. Genetic parameters for litter size in Black Slavonian pigs with each parity treated as a different trait. In: Dovč P, Čandek-Potokar M, editors. Acta Argiculturae Slovenica, Supplement 4; 10-12 October 2013; Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biotechnical Faculty

University of Ljubljana; 2013. pp. 3-35

[12] Obad I. Čimbenici plodnosti crne slavonske svinje [thesis]. Zagreb, Croatia: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal

[13] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Margeta P, Djurkin Kušec I, Radišić Ž, Galović D, Kušec G. Low input production system

breeding // Acta argiculturae Slovenica,

[15] Kralik G, Petričević A, Jovanovac S,

[16] Luković Z, Karolyi D, Klišanić V, Mahnet Ž, Gantner V, Škorput D.

[14] Skorput D, Gorjanc G, Dikić M, Luković Z. Genetic parameters for litter size in black Slavonian pigs. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2014;

suitable for Black Slavonian pig

2016 (2016), Suppl. 5; 122-126

Senčić Đ. Black slavonian pig. Stočarstvo. 1994;48:371-376

Science; 2016. p. 26

12:89-97

Z. Reproduktivna svojstva crne slavonske svinje–Ugrožene pasmine.

Poljoprivreda. 2001;7:39-42

76:131-134

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

2003;68:245-248

[2] Karolyi D, Luković Z, Salajpal K. Crna slavonska svinja. Meso. 2010;

[3] Hrvatska Poljoprivredna Agencija (HPA). HPA—Godišnje Izvješće za [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http://

[4] Budimir K, Margeta V, Kralik G, Margeta P. Silvo pastoral keeping conditions of the black slavonian pigs.

[5] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Margeta P, Kušec ID, Radišić Ž, Galović D, et al. Low input production system suitable for black Slavonian pig breeding. Acta Argiculturae Slovenica. 2016;5:122-126

[6] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Galović D, Grčević M, Radišić Ž. Production and

[7] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Djurkin Kušec I, Margeta P, Kušec G, Radišić Ž. The effect of the acorn in feeding on the production and slaughter traits of crna slavonska pig. In: Petrović M, editor. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium Modern Trends in Livestock Production; 11-13 October 2017; Belgrade, Serbia. Belgrade, Serbia: Institute for Animal Husbandry; 2017. pp. 327-334. ISBN: 978-86-82431-73-2

[8] Uremović M, Uremović Z, Luković Z. Production properties of the black

Slavonian pig breed. Zbornik Biotehniśke Fakultete Univerze v

98

carcass traits of Black Slavonian fattening pigs to higher final body weight. In: Lulić S, editor. Zbornik Sažetaka KRMIVA 2016; 1-6 June 2016; Opatija, Croatia. Zagreb, Croatia: KRMIVA d.o.o.; 2016. pp. 67-68

www.hpa.hr/godisnja-izvjesca/

Krmiva. 2014;55(3):151-157

[Accessed: 21-9-2017]

Genetic parameters and trends for litter size in Black Slavonian pigs. In: De Pedro EJ, Cabezas AB, editors. Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 101; 14–16 October 2010; Córdoba, Spain. Zaragoza, Spain: CIHEAM; 2012. pp. 71-73

[17] Morić V. Estimation of heritability for litter size in population of Black Slavonian pig [thesis]. Zagreb, Croatia: Agronomski Fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu; 2011

[18] Hrvatska Poljoprivredna Agencija (HPA). HPA—Godišnje Izvješće za [Internet]. 2006. Available from: http:// www.hpa.hr/godisnja-izvjesca/ [Accessed: 21-9-2017]

[19] Živković I. Voluminozna krmiva u hranidbi crne slavonske svinje [thesis]. Osjek, Croatia: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Animal Husbandary; 2016

[20] Živković I, Gvozdanović K, Galović D, Steiner Z, Margeta V. Alfalfa as a protein supplement in feeding of Black slavonian pig-fajferica. In: Vila S, Antunović Z, editors. Proceedings of the 52. hrvatski i 12. međunarodni simpozij agronoma; 12-17 February 2017; Dubrovnik, Croatia. Osijek, Croatia: Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku; 2017. pp. 589-593

[21] Poljak A. Utjecaj dobi prvopraskinja na reproduktivna svojstva crne slavonske svinje [thesis]. Križevci, Croatia: Križevci College of Agriculture; 2017

[22] Kabalin AE, Starčević K, Menčik S, Maurić M, Sušić V, Štoković I. Analysis of ESR and RBP polymorphisms in black Slavonian sows: Preliminary results. In: Dovč P, Čandek-Potokar M, editors. Acta Argicul Slov Supplement 4; 10-12 October 2013; Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biotechnical

Faculty, University of Ljubljana; 2013. pp. 45-48

[23] Menčik S, Sabbioni A, Ostović M, Mahnet Ž, Beretti V, Superchi P, et al. Effect of seasonality on litter size traits in black slavonian and "Nero di Parma" pigs. Stočarstvo. 2016;69:3-10

[24] Senčić Đ, Bukvić Ž, Antunović Z, Šperanda M. Slaughter quality of black Slavonian pig–endangered breed and its cross-breeds with Swedish landrace while keeping them outdoor. Poljoprivreda. 2005;11:43-49

[25] Karolyi D, Salajpal K, Sinjeri Ž, Kovačić D, Jurić I, Đikić M. Meat quality, blood stress indicators and trimmed cut yield comparison of black Slavonian pig with modern pigs in the production of Slavonian Kulen. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 2004;1:67-72

[26] Karolyi D, Salajpal K, Sinjeri Ž, Kovačić D, Jurić I, Đikić M. Kvaliteta mesa i iskorištenja trupa crne slavonske i modernih svinja u proizvodnji kulena. Meso. 2006;8:29-33

[27] Butko D, Senčić Đ, Antunović Z, Šperanda M, Steiner Z. Pork carcass composition and the meat quality of the black Slavonian pig–the endangered breeds in the indoor and outdoor keeping system. Poljoprivreda. 2007;13: 167-171

[28] Senčić Đ, Butko D, Antunović Z. Evaluacija crne slavonske svinje u odnosu na sustav držanja i križanje. Stočarstvo. 2008;62:69-73

[29] Salajpal K, Karolyi D, Kantura V, Nejedli S, Đikić M. Muscle fiber characteristics of Black Slavonian pig– autochthonous Croatian breed. In: Nanni Costa L, Zambonelli P, Russo V, editors. Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on the Mediterranean Pig; 11-13 October 2007; Capo d'Orlando, Italy. Bologna, Italy: AlmaDL; 2008. pp. 293-293

[30] Salajpal K, Karolyi D, Đikić M, Kantura V, Kiš G, Sinjeri Ž. Influence of acorn intake on blood lipid profile and longisimus muscle characteristics of Black Slavonian pig. In: Dovč P, Petrič N, Žgur S, Kompan D, Siard N, editors. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, Supplement 2; 17-19 September 2008; Strunjan, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenija: Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana; 2008. pp. 99-105

[31] Marušić L. Proizvodna svojstva svinja crne slavonske pasmine u otvorenom sustavu držanja [thesis]. Zagreb, Croatia: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture; 2010. p. 31

[32] Baković M, Gvozdanović K, Galović D, Radišić Ž, Margeta V. Klaonička svojstva tovljenika crne slavonske svinje iz ekstenzivnog uzgoja. Krmiva. 2016; 58:3-8

[33] Kralik G, Margeta V, Kralik I, Budimir K. Specifičnosti svinjegojske proizvodnje u Republici Hrvatskoj— Stanje i perspektive. Krmiva. 2012;54: 59-70

[34] Senčić Đ, Butko D, Antunović Z, Novoselec J. Utjecaj tjelesne mase na kvalitetu polovica i mesa crne slavonske svinje. Meso. 2008;10:274-278

[35] Senčić Đ, Samac D, Antunović Z, Novoselec J, Klarić I. Utjecaj razine sirovih proteina u krmnim smjesama na kvalitetu polovica i mesa crnih slavonski svinja. Meso. 2010;12:28-33

[36] Senčić Đ, Samac D, Antunović Z, Novoselec J, Klarić I. Influence of crude protein level in forage mixtures on pig meat and carcass quality. Macedonian Journal of Animal Science. 2011;1:89-93

[37] Senčić Đ, Samac D, Steiner Z. Influence of nutrition of black Slavonian pigs on the quality of ham and cured ham. Macedonian Journal of Animal Science. 2013;3:57-61

[38] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Galović D, Grčević M, Margeta P, Radišić Ž. Production and carcass traits of Black Slavonian fattening pigs to higher final body weight. In: Lulić S, editor. Zbornik Sažetaka KRMIVA; 1-3 June 2016; Opatija, Croatia. Zagreb, Croatia: 2016. pp. 67-68

Chapter 8

Abstract

France

101

available status (year 2017).

Gascon Pig

Nina Batorek-Lukač

Marie-José Mercat, Bénédicte Lebret, Herveline Lenoir and

The present chapter aims to present history and current status of Gascon pig breed, one of the local pig breeds investigated in the project TREASURE. This French autochthonous breed of pigs, which almost disappeared, now enjoys a new boom. The quality of its product is recognized by the consumers and by official quality labels (Protected Designation of Origin). Exterior phenotypic characteristics of the breed, geographical location, production system and main products are described. Reproductive performance data available in the literature and estimated from the LIGERAL database (herdbook) are presented. Literature data on production traits are also summarized for growth (early, middle, late and overall growth), feed intake, body composition and carcass traits. Meat quality traits (pH, colour, intramuscular fat content and composition) and fat tissue characteristics (fatty acid profile) are also described. Studies on Gascon pig breed are scarce and variability between studies, especially regarding productive traits, can be explained by differences in production systems, feeding regimes and feed composition according to studies. Nevertheless, the current review gives updated insights into the reproduc-

Keywords: traditional European breed, TREASURE, productive traits, phenotype,

The Gascon is a rare breed of domestic pig which has survived at the foot of the Pyrénées mountains in the southwest of France. This pig breed was already present in this region from ancient times: traces from the Gallo-Roman period were found. Like many other local breeds, its production declined during the second part of the twentieth century up to only 34 sows and 2 boars registered in 1981. However, a group of farmers, pork butchers and processors, with the help of technical advisors, gathered together with the objective of reviving the Gascon breed and its highquality products. A breed conservation programme was developed with the help of IFIP and local agricultural chamber. Census of Gascon pig breed and its evolution over the last 20 years are presented in Figure 1. Presently there are 64 registered farms of Gascon pigs with 1423 breeding sows and 177 breeding males in the latest

Farms are either related to the Association des Eleveurs de Porcs Gascons des Hautes Pyrénées (AEPGHP), adhering to the Consortium du Noir de Bigorre (CNB), or the Association Nationale de Sauvegarde du Porc Gascon (ANSPG) or

tion, production and quality traits of this local pig breed.

1. History and the current status of the breed (census)

[39] Senčić Đ, Samac D, Antunović Z. Utjecaj proizvodnog sustava na fi zikalno-kemijska i senzorska svojstva mesa crnih slavonskih svinja. Meso. 2011;13:32-34

#### Chapter 8

[30] Salajpal K, Karolyi D, Đikić M, Kantura V, Kiš G, Sinjeri Ž. Influence of acorn intake on blood lipid profile and longisimus muscle characteristics of Black Slavonian pig. In: Dovč P, Petrič N, Žgur S, Kompan D, Siard N, editors. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, Supplement 2; 17-19 September 2008; Strunjan, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenija: Biotechnical Faculty, University of

[38] Margeta V, Gvozdanović K, Galović D, Grčević M, Margeta P, Radišić Ž. Production and carcass traits of Black Slavonian fattening pigs to higher final body weight. In: Lulić S, editor. Zbornik Sažetaka KRMIVA; 1-3 June 2016; Opatija, Croatia. Zagreb, Croatia: 2016.

[39] Senčić Đ, Samac D, Antunović Z. Utjecaj proizvodnog sustava na fi zikalno-kemijska i senzorska svojstva mesa crnih slavonskih svinja. Meso.

pp. 67-68

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

2011;13:32-34

Ljubljana; 2008. pp. 99-105

58:3-8

59-70

[31] Marušić L. Proizvodna svojstva svinja crne slavonske pasmine u otvorenom sustavu držanja [thesis]. Zagreb, Croatia: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture; 2010. p. 31

[32] Baković M, Gvozdanović K, Galović D, Radišić Ž, Margeta V. Klaonička svojstva tovljenika crne slavonske svinje iz ekstenzivnog uzgoja. Krmiva. 2016;

[33] Kralik G, Margeta V, Kralik I, Budimir K. Specifičnosti svinjegojske proizvodnje u Republici Hrvatskoj— Stanje i perspektive. Krmiva. 2012;54:

[34] Senčić Đ, Butko D, Antunović Z, Novoselec J. Utjecaj tjelesne mase na kvalitetu polovica i mesa crne slavonske

[35] Senčić Đ, Samac D, Antunović Z, Novoselec J, Klarić I. Utjecaj razine sirovih proteina u krmnim smjesama na kvalitetu polovica i mesa crnih slavonski

[36] Senčić Đ, Samac D, Antunović Z, Novoselec J, Klarić I. Influence of crude protein level in forage mixtures on pig meat and carcass quality. Macedonian Journal of Animal Science. 2011;1:89-93

[37] Senčić Đ, Samac D, Steiner Z. Influence of nutrition of black Slavonian pigs on the quality of ham and cured ham. Macedonian Journal of Animal

Science. 2013;3:57-61

100

svinje. Meso. 2008;10:274-278

svinja. Meso. 2010;12:28-33
