Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig)

Nina Batorek Lukač, Urška Tomažin, Martin Škrlep, Andrej Kastelic, Klavdija Poklukar and Marjeta Čandek-Potokar

#### Abstract

This chapter presents the history and the current state-of-the-art in the only Slovenian autochthonous pig breed - Krškopolje pig. A review of literature regarding productive traits was carried out. The reproductive performance includes sow age at first parturition and at culling, litters per sow per year, number of live born and percentage of stillborn piglets per litter, piglet birth and weaning weight, mortality at weaning, duration of lactation and length of farrowing interval. Growth performance was evaluated as average daily gain in lactation, post-weaning, and early, mid, or late fattening. Daily feed intake in different stages was also assessed. Review also addresses age and weight at slaughter, and carcass traits: hot carcass weight, carcass yield, lean meat content, backfat and muscle thickness, and loin eye area. Meat quality traits considered were Longissimus muscle pH, objective colour parameters and intra muscular fat content. Additionally, fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat and backfat tissue was considered. Although studies on Krškopolje pig are scarce and the results on productive traits should be interpreted with precaution, due to different production systems and feeding strategies used in considered studies, the current review gives the first overview on this local pig breed in its current phenotype.

Keywords: traditional European breed, TREASURE, productive traits, phenotype, Slovenia

#### 1. History and current status of the breed (census)

Slovenia has only one preserved indigenous local pig breed, the Krškopolje pig (in Slovenian, Krškopoljski prašič). The oldest known record about Krškopolje pig dates back to the year 1899 when Rohrman described a widespread pig production in Dolenjska region, especially in the area of Krško polje (Krško is the name of the town and "polje" means field in Slovenian). In the old literature, Krškopolje pig was also named the black-belted, belted or striped pig. The breed became endangered due to official campaign against Krškopolje pig in the 1960s; consequently, the last official records about the breed and fertility data were reported in 1972 before its revival in the early 1990s of the twentieth century when in situ gene bank was implemented [1]. In that time around 40 farms were still raising Krškopolje pigs [2]. Promotion and support for organic farming along with the subsidies for the use of Krškopolje pig

#### Figure 1.

Census of the Krškopolje pig breed, presenting a number of sows and boars per year, starting with the year of heard book establishment.

increased the interest for the breed. After the year 2003, when individual marking of all newborn piglets was introduced, the interest for breeding the Krškopolje pigs has increased. Census of the Krškopolje pig breed is presented in Figure 1. Presently, there are 130 registered farms of the Krškopolje pigs with about 311 breeding sows and 60 boars in the latest available status (August 2015). However, the breeders have on average only one to two sows.

#### 2. Exterior phenotypic characteristics

The Krškopolje pig breed morphology information is summarised in Table 1. It is a middle to large sized breed of black coat colour and a characteristic continuous white belt across the shoulders and forelegs (Figures 2 and 3). The head is medium sized, with looped ears of medium length. The face should be slightly dished and the nose top white. The body is wide and not too deep, the back is long, wide and straight, the shoulders are strong and medium in width, and the hams are broad,


full and long. The hair is strong, straight and dark over the pigmented parts of the

The origin of the Krškopolje pig is geographically located in the south-east part

of the Dolenjska region, the area of Krško-Brežiško field and the foothills of Gorjanci hills. However, nowadays farms with the Krškopolje pigs are distributed throughout Slovenia (Figure 4). The breed is adapted to poor rearing conditions, is robust and efficiently uses the forage; thus, it can be kept outdoors. Traditionally, the Krškopolje pigs were kept in a mixed production system—with indoor housing and access to outdoor area. Indoor housing was usually in pens with the

body. Their temperament is calm.

Figure 2.

Figure 3. Krškopolje boar.

143

Krškopolje sow with piglets.

Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

3. Geographical location and production system

#### Table 1.

Summary of morphology information on the Krškopolje pig breed.

Figure 2. Krškopolje sow with piglets.

increased the interest for the breed. After the year 2003, when individual marking of all newborn piglets was introduced, the interest for breeding the Krškopolje pigs has increased. Census of the Krškopolje pig breed is presented in Figure 1. Presently, there are 130 registered farms of the Krškopolje pigs with about 311 breeding sows and 60 boars in the latest available status (August 2015). However, the breeders have

Census of the Krškopolje pig breed, presenting a number of sows and boars per year, starting with the year of

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

The Krškopolje pig breed morphology information is summarised in Table 1. It is a middle to large sized breed of black coat colour and a characteristic continuous white belt across the shoulders and forelegs (Figures 2 and 3). The head is medium sized, with looped ears of medium length. The face should be slightly dished and the nose top white. The body is wide and not too deep, the back is long, wide and straight, the shoulders are strong and medium in width, and the hams are broad,

Measurement (average) Adult male Adult female Body weight (kg) 280 230 Body length<sup>1</sup> (cm) 152 140 Head length (cm) 63 30 Tail length (cm) 45 41 Ear length Large Medium Chest girth (cm) — 140 Height at withers (cm) 87 83 Number of teat — 14

on average only one to two sows.

Figure 1.

1

142

Table 1.

heard book establishment.

2. Exterior phenotypic characteristics

Measured from the tip of the nose to the starting point of the tail.

Summary of morphology information on the Krškopolje pig breed.

full and long. The hair is strong, straight and dark over the pigmented parts of the body. Their temperament is calm.

### 3. Geographical location and production system

The origin of the Krškopolje pig is geographically located in the south-east part of the Dolenjska region, the area of Krško-Brežiško field and the foothills of Gorjanci hills. However, nowadays farms with the Krškopolje pigs are distributed throughout Slovenia (Figure 4). The breed is adapted to poor rearing conditions, is robust and efficiently uses the forage; thus, it can be kept outdoors. Traditionally, the Krškopolje pigs were kept in a mixed production system—with indoor housing and access to outdoor area. Indoor housing was usually in pens with the

5. Productive performance

Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

The basic data obtained on reproductive traits in this review are presented in Table 2. The age of sows at the first parturition is around 14 months (12–16 months [3–6, 9, 10, 12])denoting the age at which sows reach a target weight of 100 kg when they are usually mated for the first time is to some extent later than in intensively kept modern breeds. The breed has moderately good fertility. On average sows of the Krškopolje pig breed have 1.8 litters per year [1, 3, 5–10] with between 8.1 and 10.5 piglets [1–6, 8–10, 12] of approximately 1.2 kg live body weight [10]. Stillborn

[1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12], in most studies being slightly higher than 7% desired in a normal indoor herd unaffected by specific disease [13]. However, regarding the fact that piglet mortality in loose farrowing systems commonly ranges from 20–33% [14, 15],

farrowing crates [16], mortality at weaning in the considered studies of Krškopolje is satisfactory (8.1 to 26.7% [1–3, 5, 6, 8–10, 12]). Duration of lactation is prolonged in comparison to modern intensive systems (to approximately 44 days [1, 3, 6–8, 11, 12]), which leads to a longer farrowing interval (between 187 and 240 days [1, 3, 6– 10, 12]) and consequently a lower number of piglets produced per sow per year (16.9; data not shown). On average sows have 5.6 litters in their lifetime (data not shown

The basic data on growth performance obtained in this review are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Due to big differences between studies concerning the live weight range covered, we defined the stages for growth performance as lactation (regardless of how long it was), growing stage (from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight) and early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole fattening stage (defined as overall) or even from birth to slaughter (defined as birth–slaughter, which is often calculated from the data given on live weight and age of pigs). It should also be noted that a big part of the collected studies simulated practical conditions of the production systems used in practice and that only a smaller part of the studies exhibit the breed potential for growth. In the considered studies, daily gain in the early growing stage, which corresponds to lactation period (195–355 g/day [8, 18, 19, 25, 26]), is in the range of values described for leaner breeds. However, it should be taken into account that the lactation period (approximately 44 days; Table 3) is considerably greater than in sows of conventional breeds (21–28 days). Average daily gain in the growing stage (between 207 and 385 g/day [8, 18, 19, 25, 26]) is lower than in modern breeds, which denotes lower intensity of rearing. Also, the early, middle, late and overall fattening stages are generally characterised by slower growth and big heterogeneity (355–934, 352–968, 533–1085 and 352–951 g/day in early, middle, late and overall growing stage, respectively), related to the fact that this review comprises studies where different systems and feeding levels were practised. In the context of the evaluation of growth performance, it is also of interest to observe the extreme values, because it can be assumed that the maximum figures exhibit the growth potentials of Krškopolje pigs in ad libitum condi-

percentage of piglets is very variable and ranges between 5.7 and 21.9%

[1, 7]), which corresponds to results obtained in modern breeds [17].

tions of feeding (≈951 g/day in overall fattening stage).

145

which is about twofold greater than that normally occurring in confinement

5.1 Reproductive traits

5.2 Growth performance

Figure 4. Geographical distribution of Krškopolje pig breeders with size of their herds, i.e. number of sows.

full floor and straw bedding or deep litter. Water and feed were provided twice per day (morning and late afternoon) in wooden troughs. Pigs were fed with locally available seasonal ingredients that were usually pre-cooked in large kettles. The feed mixture was composed of seasonal vegetable (e.g. carrots, turnips, beets, cabbage and potatoes), cereals (barley, oats, wheat, triticale, buckwheat and millet) and residual food from the household. Sometimes, skimmed milk or whey was added. Additionally, fresh grass or clover in spring and summer and grass or alfalfa hay in winter was provided through the day. Nowadays, animals of the Krškopolje pig breed are being reared in various production systems: from more intensive indoor system with conventional feed mixture to fully outdoor system where pigs are fed with various crops and kept on pasture. They are provided a shelter in case of unfavourable weather conditions and are moved indoor only in strong winter.

#### 4. Organisations for breeding, monitoring and conservation

The Krškopolje pig is listed among the endangered Slovenian breeds of farm animals. The breed is included in the breeding programme for pigs SloHibrid, which is run by the Chamber for Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia. However, the Association of breeders of Krškopolje pig breed<sup>1</sup> has prepared their own breeding programme, which has recently been approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food.

<sup>1</sup> Društvo rejcev Krškopoljskih prašičev = Association of breeders of Krškopolje pig; Cesta prvih borcev 41, 8250 Brežice, Slovenia; web address: http://www.krskopoljski-prasic.si/; e-mail address: info@krskopoljski-prasic.si

#### 5. Productive performance

#### 5.1 Reproductive traits

The basic data obtained on reproductive traits in this review are presented in Table 2. The age of sows at the first parturition is around 14 months (12–16 months [3–6, 9, 10, 12])denoting the age at which sows reach a target weight of 100 kg when they are usually mated for the first time is to some extent later than in intensively kept modern breeds. The breed has moderately good fertility. On average sows of the Krškopolje pig breed have 1.8 litters per year [1, 3, 5–10] with between 8.1 and 10.5 piglets [1–6, 8–10, 12] of approximately 1.2 kg live body weight [10]. Stillborn percentage of piglets is very variable and ranges between 5.7 and 21.9% [1–3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12], in most studies being slightly higher than 7% desired in a normal indoor herd unaffected by specific disease [13]. However, regarding the fact that piglet mortality in loose farrowing systems commonly ranges from 20–33% [14, 15], which is about twofold greater than that normally occurring in confinement farrowing crates [16], mortality at weaning in the considered studies of Krškopolje is satisfactory (8.1 to 26.7% [1–3, 5, 6, 8–10, 12]). Duration of lactation is prolonged in comparison to modern intensive systems (to approximately 44 days [1, 3, 6–8, 11, 12]), which leads to a longer farrowing interval (between 187 and 240 days [1, 3, 6– 10, 12]) and consequently a lower number of piglets produced per sow per year (16.9; data not shown). On average sows have 5.6 litters in their lifetime (data not shown [1, 7]), which corresponds to results obtained in modern breeds [17].

#### 5.2 Growth performance

full floor and straw bedding or deep litter. Water and feed were provided twice per day (morning and late afternoon) in wooden troughs. Pigs were fed with locally available seasonal ingredients that were usually pre-cooked in large kettles. The feed mixture was composed of seasonal vegetable (e.g. carrots, turnips, beets, cabbage and potatoes), cereals (barley, oats, wheat, triticale, buckwheat and millet) and residual food from the household. Sometimes, skimmed milk or whey was added. Additionally, fresh grass or clover in spring and summer and grass or alfalfa hay in winter was provided through the day. Nowadays, animals of the Krškopolje pig breed are being reared in various production systems: from more intensive indoor system with conventional feed mixture to fully outdoor system where pigs are fed with various crops and kept on pasture. They are provided a shelter in case of unfavourable weather conditions and are moved indoor only in

Geographical distribution of Krškopolje pig breeders with size of their herds, i.e. number of sows.

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

4. Organisations for breeding, monitoring and conservation

The Krškopolje pig is listed among the endangered Slovenian breeds of farm animals. The breed is included in the breeding programme for pigs SloHibrid, which is run by the Chamber for Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia. However, the Association of breeders of Krškopolje pig breed<sup>1</sup> has prepared their own breeding programme, which has recently been approved by the Ministry of Agriculture,

Društvo rejcev Krškopoljskih prašičev = Association of breeders of Krškopolje pig; Cesta prvih borcev

41, 8250 Brežice, Slovenia; web address: http://www.krskopoljski-prasic.si/; e-mail address:

strong winter.

Figure 4.

Forestry and Food.

info@krskopoljski-prasic.si

1

144

The basic data on growth performance obtained in this review are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Due to big differences between studies concerning the live weight range covered, we defined the stages for growth performance as lactation (regardless of how long it was), growing stage (from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight) and early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole fattening stage (defined as overall) or even from birth to slaughter (defined as birth–slaughter, which is often calculated from the data given on live weight and age of pigs). It should also be noted that a big part of the collected studies simulated practical conditions of the production systems used in practice and that only a smaller part of the studies exhibit the breed potential for growth. In the considered studies, daily gain in the early growing stage, which corresponds to lactation period (195–355 g/day [8, 18, 19, 25, 26]), is in the range of values described for leaner breeds. However, it should be taken into account that the lactation period (approximately 44 days; Table 3) is considerably greater than in sows of conventional breeds (21–28 days). Average daily gain in the growing stage (between 207 and 385 g/day [8, 18, 19, 25, 26]) is lower than in modern breeds, which denotes lower intensity of rearing. Also, the early, middle, late and overall fattening stages are generally characterised by slower growth and big heterogeneity (355–934, 352–968, 533–1085 and 352–951 g/day in early, middle, late and overall growing stage, respectively), related to the fact that this review comprises studies where different systems and feeding levels were practised. In the context of the evaluation of growth performance, it is also of interest to observe the extreme values, because it can be assumed that the maximum figures exhibit the growth potentials of Krškopolje pigs in ad libitum conditions of feeding (≈951 g/day in overall fattening stage).


Table 2. Summary of collected literature data

 on

reproduction

In considered studies, the information on feed intake and feed nutritional value

were rarely provided, which limits the evaluation of growth potential, because growth is directly related to both energy and nutrient supply. Average daily feed intake increased from 1.1 kg/day in growing stage to max 3.2 kg/day in the late fattening stage when semi ad libitum feeding regime was applied [8, 18, 19].

The basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered carcass traits that could be compared are presented in Table 5. In considered studies, pigs were slaughtered at approximately 276 days of age [11, 20, 24, 26, 27, 31], between 88 and 146 kg, i.e. an average 118 kg live weight [2, 11, 20–24, 26–29, 31]. Dressing yield was around 77% [2, 20–23, 26–29, 31] and

5.3 Body composition and carcass traits

Reference Feeding No. of

Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig)

regime, Rest = restrictive feeding regime.

Reference Feeding ME content

energy, CP = crude protein.

ADG in a period of lactation regardless of how long it was.

of feed (MJ/kg)

1

2

3

1

2

Table 4.

147

Table 3.

animals

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

ADG lactation<sup>1</sup>

ADG growing<sup>2</sup>

[2] — 27 — — — —— 625 — [8, 18, 19] Semi 36 195 385 784 826 629 734 526 [11] Semi 6 — — 648 475 580 562 —

[20] — 20 — — 463 — 629 558 — [21–23] Ad Lib 10 — — 934 968 1085 951 637 [24] Semi 17 — — — ——— 497 [25, 26] Rest 10 225 225 — 352 — 352 —

Semi 6 — — 455 475 — 465 —

Semi 40 355 355 355 — 533 355 463 Rest 23 — 207 — 585 — 585 377

No. = number, ADG = average daily gain in g, Ad Lib = ad libitum feeding regime, Semi = semi ad libitum feeding

ADG in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the

> No. of animals

[2] —— — 27 — 2.1 2.1 — — [8, 18, 19] Semi 12.7 14.8 36 1.07 2.53 3.36 3.19 2.99 No. = number, ADFI = average daily feed intake in kg/day, Semi = semi ad libitum feeding regime, ME = metabolisable

ADFI in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the overall

Summary of collected literature data on average daily feed intake (in kg/day) in the Krškopolje pig breed.

ADFI growing<sup>1</sup> ADFI fattening<sup>2</sup>

Early Middle Late Overall

ADG in a growing period estimated from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

Summary of collected literature data on average daily gain (in g) in the Krškopolje pig breed.

CP content of feed (%)

ADFI in a growing period estimated from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

daily feed intake for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

ADG fattening<sup>3</sup> ADG birth– slaughter Early Middle Late Overall

 traits in the Krškopolje

 pig breed.

#### Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767


No. = number, ADG = average daily gain in g, Ad Lib = ad libitum feeding regime, Semi = semi ad libitum feeding regime, Rest = restrictive feeding regime.

1 ADG in a period of lactation regardless of how long it was.

2 ADG in a growing period estimated from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

3 ADG in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the overall growth rate for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

#### Table 3.

Summary of collected literature data on average daily gain (in g) in the Krškopolje pig breed.


No. = number, ADFI = average daily feed intake in kg/day, Semi = semi ad libitum feeding regime, ME = metabolisable energy, CP = crude protein.

1 ADFI in a growing period estimated from weaning to approximately 30 kg live body weight.

2 ADFI in a period of fattening is reported for early, middle and late fattening stages estimated between approximately 30 and 60 kg, 60 and 100 kg and above 100 kg live body weight, respectively. Sometimes, the source provided only the overall daily feed intake for the whole studied period (in that case defined as overall).

#### Table 4.

Summary of collected literature data on average daily feed intake (in kg/day) in the Krškopolje pig breed.

In considered studies, the information on feed intake and feed nutritional value were rarely provided, which limits the evaluation of growth potential, because growth is directly related to both energy and nutrient supply. Average daily feed intake increased from 1.1 kg/day in growing stage to max 3.2 kg/day in the late fattening stage when semi ad libitum feeding regime was applied [8, 18, 19].

#### 5.3 Body composition and carcass traits

The basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered carcass traits that could be compared are presented in Table 5. In considered studies, pigs were slaughtered at approximately 276 days of age [11, 20, 24, 26, 27, 31], between 88 and 146 kg, i.e. an average 118 kg live weight [2, 11, 20–24, 26–29, 31]. Dressing yield was around 77% [2, 20–23, 26–29, 31] and

Reference

146

 Sow age at the first

Litters per

No. of piglets

Piglet live

Stillborn per

Mortality at

Piglet weaning

Duration of

Farrowing

Sow age at

> interval (d)

culling1 (mth)

> lactation (d)

weight (kg)

weaning (%)

litter (%)

weight (kg)

alive per litter

parturition

[1]

[2]

—

—

—

15.3

[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[8]

[9] [10] [11] [12] No. = number, mth = month, d = days.

1Calculated

Table 2.

Summary of collected literature data on

reproduction

 traits in the Krškopolje

 pig breed.

 as number of farrowing in lifetime divided with litters per sow per year and multiplied with 12.

—

15.5

 —

—

9.3

—

8.5

20.8

—

50

200

—

 —

——

 —

16.0

1.8

9.0

1.2

—

22.2

—

8.6

38

—

 —

 —

203

—

—

—

12.0

1.8

10.5

—

11.5

17.0

—

 —

207

—

1.5

9.1

—

5.7

17.6

—

53

240

—

1.8

—

——

 —

 —

45

205

34.2

13.9

2.0

9.3

—

9.6

19.5

—

39

187

—

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

16.2

1.4

9.3

—

8.3

17.5

—

———

14.2

—

9.6

——

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

1.8

9.4

—

8.8

19.9

—

50

200

—

8.1

—

21.9

26.7

—

———

 —

8.9

—

8.8

8.1

—

———

1.9

9.1

—

9.7

19.5

—

41

193

39.0

 (mth)

sow per year


No. = number, BW = body weight, CW = carcass weight.

1 M muscle thickness measured according to ZP method (at the cranial edge of gluteus medius muscle (mm)).

2 S backfat thickness measured according to ZP method (above gluteus medius muscle (mm)).

3 The skin, feed and head are removed.

#### Table 5.

Summary of collected literature data on body composition and carcass traits in the Krškopolje pig breed.

lean meat content around 44% (39.7 to 47.8%; SEUROP classification or dissection [21–24, 26–29, 31]). The backfat thickness values measured on the withers spanned from 45 to 67 mm [26, 27, 31], at the level of the last rib from 22 to 49 mm [11, 26–29] and at the level of gluteus medius muscle from 33 to 44 mm [21–23, 26, 27, 30, 31]. Muscularity measured as loin eye area varied from 23 to 42 cm2 [2, 21–24, 28, 31] and muscle thickness measured at the cranial edge of gluteus medius muscle from 49 to 69 mm [21–23, 26, 27, 30], which indicates lower muscular development in the Krškopolje pig compared to modern breeds. This variation in backfat and muscle thickness is also a consequence of the wide range of the final live weight (88 to 146 kg) of pigs and different feeding regimes applied in considered studies.

#### 5.4 Meat quality

The basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered meat and fat quality traits measured in longissimus muscle that could be compared are presented in Table 6. In the few studies reporting meat quality of Krškopolje pigs, pH values measured in longissimus muscle at 45 min and 24 h postmortem were around 6.08 [24, 30–40] and 5.47 [11, 21–24, 30–40], respectively. Relatively low average value of pH 45 in the considered studies could be an indicator of a higher presence of an RYR1 mutation in the Krškopolje pig breed [24, 41]. pH 24 values in the considered studies are somewhat higher than in modern breeds, which is indicative of lower glycogen stores before slaughter. This corroborates with higher intramuscular fat content (2.0–4.3% [11, 24, 30–40]), both indicative of more oxidative muscle metabolism. In agreement with this, colour measurements

Reference

149

[11]

6 6

> [21–23]

[24, 32]

[28] [30] [30, 33–40]

—

10

40 23

> [31]

No. = number, pH 45 = pH measured

SFA = saturated fatty acids, MUFA =

1CIE = objective colour defined by the Commission

colour.

2For fatty acid composition,

Table 6.

Summary of collected literature data on meat quality in the Krškopolje

 pig breed.

 only pigs on control diet were considered. Control diets differed among studies, to see diet composition

24

6.49

approximately

monounsaturated

 fatty acids, PUFA =

Internationale

 de l'Eclairage; L\* greater value indicates a lighter colour; a\* greater value indicates a redder colour; b\* greater value indicates a more yellow

 45 minutes

post-mortem,

 pH 24 = pH measured

polyunsaturated

 fatty acids, n6/n3 = the proportion between n-6 and n-3

 5.59

 52

 7.4

 1.6

 3.0

 41.0 approximately

 24 hours

post-mortem,

 address to the

corresponding

 source.

 FA = fatty acid, IMF =

polyunsaturated

 fatty acids.

 47.5

 11.6

 15.7

 42.2

 43.6 intramuscular

 fat, BFT = backfat tissue,

 14.7

 12.9

6.00

 5.28

 .

 9.3

—

2.1

 34.4

 42.4

 23.3

 10.3

 36.7

 45.3

 18.0

 8.2

6.00

 5.42

 .

 10.7

—

4.3

 37.0

 55.1

 7.9

 13.5

 40.5

 50.6

 8.9

 18.8

—

5.49

 48

 9.5

 2.4

 2.0

 33.8

 48.6

 17.6

 14.3

 36.1

 50.8

 12.7

 12.1

 —

 —

———

 —

33.8

 48.6

 17.6

 14.5

——

 —

 —

8

—

 —

———

2.7

—

 —

 —

——

 —

 —

 —

17

5.84

 5.59

 54

 9.7

 4.9

 3.0

—

 —

 —

——

 —

 —

 —

10

—

5.50

 56

 10.9

 7.3

—

 —

 —

 —

——

 —

 —

 —

—

5.43

 48

 8.5

 1.0

 3.1

—

 —

 —

——

 —

 —

 —

—

5.46

 50

 6.6

 0.9

 2.8

—

 —

 —

——

 —

 —

 —

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

 No. of animals

 pH 45

 pH 24

L\*

 a\*

 b\*

CIE1

IMF (%)

 FA2

SFA

 MUFA

 PUFA

 n6/n3

 SFA

 MUFA

 PUFA

 n6/n3

Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig)

composition

 of IMF (%)

FA2

composition

 of BFT (%)


#### Krškopoljski pra ši č (Krškopolje Pig) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

Table 6.

 pig breed.

 address to the

corresponding

 source.

> Summary of collected literature data on meat quality in the Krškopolje

2For fatty acid composition,

 only pigs on control diet were considered. Control diets differed among studies, to see diet composition

lean meat content around 44% (39.7 to 47.8%; SEUROP classification or dissection

Summary of collected literature data on body composition and carcass traits in the Krškopolje pig breed.

from 45 to 67 mm [26, 27, 31], at the level of the last rib from 22 to 49 mm

M muscle thickness measured according to ZP method (at the cranial edge of gluteus medius muscle (mm)). <sup>2</sup>

S backfat thickness measured according to ZP method (above gluteus medius muscle (mm)).

–29] and at the level of gluteus medius muscle from 33 to 44 mm

–23, 26, 27, 30, 31]. Muscularity measured as loin eye area varied from 23 to

variation in backfat and muscle thickness is also a consequence of the wide range of the final live weight (88 to 146 kg) of pigs and different feeding regimes applied in

The basic data obtained in this review with some of the most commonly encountered meat and fat quality traits measured in longissimus muscle that could be compared are presented in Table 6. In the few studies reporting meat quality of

škopolje pigs, pH values measured in longissimus muscle at 45 min and 24 h postmortem were around 6.08 [24, 30–40] and 5.47 [11, 21–24, 30–40], respectively. Relatively low average value of pH 45 in the considered studies could be an indicator of a higher presence of an RYR1 mutation in the Krškopolje pig breed [24, 41]. pH 24 values in the considered studies are somewhat higher than in modern breeds, which is indicative of lower glycogen stores before slaughter. This corroborates with

–4.3% [11, 24, 30

more oxidative muscle metabolism. In agreement with this, colour measurements

–29, 31]). The backfat thickness values measured on the withers spanned

–24, 28, 31] and muscle thickness measured at the cranial edge of

–23, 26, 27, 30], which indicates lower

–40]), both indicative of

škopolje pig compared to modern breeds. This

[21

3

[21

Kr

148

[11, 26

Table 5.

42 cm

–24, 26

<sup>2</sup> [2, 21

Reference No. of

[2] 27

–23] 10

[26, 27] 10 347

9

4

The skin, feed and head are removed.

[30] 10 — — 93

No. = number, BW = body weight, CW = carcass weight. <sup>1</sup>

[21

[28]

[29]

animals

[20] 20 312 146

[24] 17 245 123 98

Final age (d)

Final BW (kg)

Hot CW (kg)

Dressing yield (%)

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

[11] 6 228 120 — — ——— 40 — —

40 303 140 109 77.9 39.7 40 67 49 67

23 328 125 95 75.9 44.2 34 48 41 69

— 90 71 78.4 ——— 35

[31] 24 228 123 98 80.4 42.9 36 53 — — 36

— 71.6

— 96

Lean meat content (%)

S <sup>2</sup> At withers

— 90 70 77.1 ——— — — 26

— 139 111 79.3 42.2 44 — — 49 36

— 118 94 79.6 ——— 33 — —

— 46.2 — — 29

— 47.8 33 45 40 61

— 47.8 33 — — 61

6 220 88 — — ——— 22 — —

Backfat thickness (mm)

<sup>3</sup> ——— — — —

At last rib

M 1 (mm)

Loin eye area (cm 2 )

— 42

— 23

—

—

—

—

considered studies.

5.4 Meat quality

gluteus medius muscle from 49 to 69 mm [21

muscular development in the Kr

higher intramuscular fat content (2.0

(Minolta L value; L\* = 48 to 52 [11, 21–24, 30–40]) confirm a bit more intensive colour of meat. In the considered studies, SFA, MUFA and PUFA contents were approximately 36, 48 and 16% for intramuscular fat in longissimus muscle [30, 31, 33–40] and approximately 39, 48 and 14% for backfat tissue [30, 31, 33–40]. Due to big differences between studies concerning the feeding regime, feed composition, final body weight and fatness, which are all important factors influencing the fatty acid composition of meat, it is difficult to interpret the results on the fatty acid composition. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the results obtained from the considered studies indicate a higher proportion of MUFA and SFA in Krškopolje pigs and lower PUFA content in comparison to the modern meaty type of pigs. This can be attributed to higher synthesis of MUFA and SFA [42], caused by higher fat deposition in this breed of pigs, as shown by the results of body composition (Table 5).

any use that may be made of the information it contains. Core financing of Slovenian Research Agency is also acknowledged (grant P4-0133) for MČP, NBL,

UT and MŠ.

Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

Author details

151

Nina Batorek Lukač<sup>1</sup>

, Urška Tomažin<sup>1</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: meta.candek-potokar@kis.si

2 Chamber of Agriculture and forestry of Slovenia, Novo Mesto, Slovenia

licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited. **–NC**

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/

1 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Klavdija Poklukar<sup>1</sup> and Marjeta Čandek-Potokar<sup>1</sup>

, Martin Škrlep<sup>1</sup>

\*

, Andrej Kastelic<sup>2</sup>

,

#### 6. Use of breed and main products

The Krškopolje pig is intended for production of high-quality meat and fat. Pigs are raised in poorer conditions, with less concentrated feeds and with additional fibre feed. The breed is prone to fat deposition, but meat contains relatively high content of intramuscular fat, which makes it tastier. It is suitable for roasted pork or preparation of traditional dried products (e.g. salami, sausages, dry cured hams and pancetta). In the year 2017, an association of breeders of the Krškopolje pig registered a trademark "Meat products from Krškopolje pig" (Figure 5), which can be used by registered breeders within the Association of breeders of Krškopolje pig breed for products made exclusively from meat and fat of the Krškopolje pig.

Figure 5. Logo for trademark "Meat products from Krškopolje pig".

#### Acknowledgements

The research was conducted within the project TREASURE, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 634476. The content of this paper reflects only the author's view, and the European Union Agency is not responsible for

Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

(Minolta L value; L\* = 48 to 52 [11, 21–24, 30–40]) confirm a bit more intensive colour of meat. In the considered studies, SFA, MUFA and PUFA contents were approximately 36, 48 and 16% for intramuscular fat in longissimus muscle [30, 31, 33–40] and approximately 39, 48 and 14% for backfat tissue [30, 31, 33–40]. Due to big differences between studies concerning the feeding regime, feed composition, final body weight and fatness, which are all important factors influencing the fatty acid composition of meat, it is difficult to interpret the results on the fatty acid composition. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the results obtained from the considered studies indicate a higher proportion of MUFA and SFA in Krškopolje pigs and lower PUFA content in comparison to the modern meaty type of pigs. This can be attributed to higher synthesis of MUFA and SFA [42], caused by higher fat deposition in this breed of pigs, as shown by the results of body composition

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

The Krškopolje pig is intended for production of high-quality meat and fat. Pigs are raised in poorer conditions, with less concentrated feeds and with additional fibre feed. The breed is prone to fat deposition, but meat contains relatively high content of intramuscular fat, which makes it tastier. It is suitable for roasted pork or preparation of traditional dried products (e.g. salami, sausages, dry cured hams and pancetta). In the year 2017, an association of breeders of the Krškopolje pig registered a trademark "Meat products from Krškopolje pig" (Figure 5), which can be used by registered breeders within the Association of breeders of Krškopolje pig breed for products made exclusively from meat and fat of the Krškopolje pig.

The research was conducted within the project TREASURE, which has received

funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 634476. The content of this paper reflects only the author's view, and the European Union Agency is not responsible for

(Table 5).

Acknowledgements

Logo for trademark "Meat products from Krškopolje pig".

Figure 5.

150

6. Use of breed and main products

any use that may be made of the information it contains. Core financing of Slovenian Research Agency is also acknowledged (grant P4-0133) for MČP, NBL, UT and MŠ.

#### Author details

Nina Batorek Lukač<sup>1</sup> , Urška Tomažin<sup>1</sup> , Martin Škrlep<sup>1</sup> , Andrej Kastelic<sup>2</sup> , Klavdija Poklukar<sup>1</sup> and Marjeta Čandek-Potokar<sup>1</sup> \*

1 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

2 Chamber of Agriculture and forestry of Slovenia, Novo Mesto, Slovenia

\*Address all correspondence to: meta.candek-potokar@kis.si

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited. **–NC**

#### References

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[2] Švajger G, Bregar D. Krškopoljski (črnopasasti) prašič [thesis]. Rodica, Slovenia: Biotehniška Fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani; 1991. p. 60

[3] Urankar J, Ložar K, Kovač M, Malovrh Š. Fertility in Krškopolje sows. In: Simčič M, Jevšinec-Skok D, editors. Proceedings of 26th International DAGENE Symposium; 17th-19th June 2015; Dobrna, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana; 2015. pp. 35-42

[4] Urankar J, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Dispersion parameters for litter size and teat number in Krškopolje pig. In: Čandek-Potokar M, editors. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica Supplement. Presented at the 8th International Symposium on the Mediterranean Pig; 10-12 October 2013; Ljubljana, Slovenija. Ljubljana, Slovenija: Biotechnical Faculty; 2013. pp. 57-60

[5] Kastelic A, Malovrh Š, Šalehar A. Plodnost svinj krškopoljske pasme. Reja Prašičev. 2008;11:16-19

[6] Šalehar A. The Krškopolje pig. Pig News and Information. 1994;15: 59-61

[7] Šalehar A, Kramar Z, Švajger G, Bregar D, Štuhec I, Tavčar J. Kraškopoljski prašič. Sodobno Kmetijstvo. 1992;52:326-328

[8] Čandek-Potokar M. TREASURE Survey WP 2.1, Personal Communication. 2017

[9] Kastelic A. Average Data from KGZS-NM Database Between. 2015 [10] Čandek-Potokar M. TREASURE Survey WP 1.3, Personal Communication. 2017

Čandek-Potokar M. Rastnost pujskov krškopoljske pasme do konca vzreje. In: Čeh T, editors. Proceedings of the 24th International Scientific Symposium on Nutrition of Farm Animals; 12-13 November 2015; Radenci, Slovenia. Radenci, Slovenia: Kmetijsko Gozdarska

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig)

Faculty, University of Ljubljana; 2015.

[26] Kovač M, Urankar J, Ule A, Malovrh

[27] Planinc M, Žemva M, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Klavne lastnosti in lastnosti

krškopoljskega prašiča in hibrida 12. In: Čeh T, editors. Proceedings of the 19th International Scientific Symposium on Nutrition of Farm Animals; Radenci, Slovenia. Radenci, Slovenia: Kmetijsko

tehnološke kakovosti mesa

Gozdarska Zbornica Slovenije, Kmetijsko Gozdarski Zavod; 2010.

Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Agronomski

[29] Eiselt E, Ferjan J. Proizvodne značilnosti krškopoljskega prašiča. In: Znanost in Praksa v Živinoreji; Bled, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty; 1972.

[30] Furman M, Malovrh Š, Levart A, Kovač M. Fatty acid composition of meat and adipose tissue from Krškopolje

pigs and commercial fatteners in Slovenia. Archiv fur Tierzucht. 2010;53:

[31] Tomažin U, Batorek-Lukač N, Škrlep M, Prevolnik-Povše M, Čandek-Potokar M. Meat and fat quality of Krškopolje pigs reared in conventional and organic production systems. Animal. Cambridge University Press;

Oddelek; 1965. p. 46

p. 855-863

73-84

[28] Gril A. Razlike o intramuskularni maščobi pri prašičih Landrace in Krškopoljske pasme [thesis]. Ljubljana,

pp. 7-8

Š. Poglavje 17: Klavne lastnosti krškopoljskih prašičev. In: Kovač M, Malovrh Š, editors. Krškopoljski Prašič —Od Reje Do Predelave Na Domu. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko, Enota za Prašičerejo; 2015. pp. 145-156

p. 27

Zbornica Slovenije, Kmetijsko Gozdarski Zavod; 2015. p. 8

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[20] Krhin M. Razlika med prašiči bele

[21] Kastelic A. Telesna sestava prašičev krškopoljske pasme [thesis]. Domžale,

požlahtnjene in črnopasaste krškopoljske pasme v povprečnem dnevnem priraščanju, odstotku klavnosti in odstotku slanine ter sala [thesis]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Fakulteta

za Agronomijo, Gozdarstvo in Veterinarstvo v Ljubljani; 1959. p. 29

Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za

[22] Šalehar A, Kramar-Pribožič Z, Kastelic A, Žgur S. Krškopoljski prašič— Slovenska pasma. Meso in Mesnine.

[23] Kastelic A, Šalehar A, Žgur S. Mesnatost krškopoljskega prašiča. Sodobno Kmetetijstvo. 2002;35:267-270

[24] Čandek-Potokar M, Žlender B, Kramar Z, Šegula B, Fazarinic G, Uršič M. Evaluation of Slovene local pig breed Krškopolje for carcass and meat quality. Czech Journal of Animal Science. 2003;

[25] Kovač M, Flisar T, Malovrh Š. Growth of Krškopolje pig in different environments. In: Simčič M, Jevšinec-Skok D, editors. Proccedings of the 26th International DAGENE Symposium; 17-19 June 2015; Dobrna, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biotechnical

Zootehniko; 2001. p. 55

2002;2:15-17

48:120-128

153

[11] Tomažin U, Škrlep M, Batorek-Lukač N, Prevolnik-Povše M, Čandek-Potokar M. Performance of krškopolje pigs in extensive and intensive production system. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium Animal Science Days; Vienna, Austria. Vienna, Austria: 2017

[12] Malovrh Š, Ložar K, Pavlin S, Poglavje 4 KM. Krškopoljski prašič. In: Malovrh Š, Kovač M, editors. Slovenske Lokalne Pasme Prašičev (Stanje Pasem v Letu 2015). 1st ed. Domžale: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Department of Animal Science; 2016. pp. 81-104

[13] National Animal Disease Information Service. The Pig Site [Internet]. 2008. Available from: www. thepigsite.com/articles/2263/stillbirths/ [Accessed: 6-10-2017]

[14] Edwards SA. Perinatal mortality in the pig: Environmental or physiological solutions? Livestock Production Science. 2002;78:3-12

[15] Dunn N. Positive aspects of no-crate farrowing. Pig Progress. 2005;21:20-24

[16] Li Y, Johnston L, Hilbrands A. Preweaning mortality of piglets in a bedded group-farrowing. Journal of Swine Health and Production; 2012;18(2):75-80

[17] Koketsu Y, Takahashi H, Akachi K. Longevity, lifetime pig production and productivity, and age at first conception in a cohort of gilts observed over six years on commercial farms. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 1999;61(9): 1001-1005

[18] Tomažin U, Mežan A, Kastelic A, Batorek-Lukač N, Škrlep M,

#### Krškopoljski prašič (Krškopolje Pig) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83767

References

[1] Kastelic A. Razvoj pasme in plodnost

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

[10] Čandek-Potokar M. TREASURE

[11] Tomažin U, Škrlep M, Batorek-Lukač N, Prevolnik-Povše M, Čandek-Potokar M. Performance of krškopolje

pigs in extensive and intensive production system. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium Animal Science Days; Vienna, Austria.

[12] Malovrh Š, Ložar K, Pavlin S, Poglavje 4 KM. Krškopoljski prašič. In: Malovrh Š, Kovač M, editors. Slovenske Lokalne Pasme Prašičev (Stanje Pasem v Letu 2015). 1st ed. Domžale: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Department of Animal Science; 2016.

[13] National Animal Disease Information Service. The Pig Site [Internet]. 2008. Available from: www. thepigsite.com/articles/2263/stillbirths/

[14] Edwards SA. Perinatal mortality in the pig: Environmental or physiological solutions? Livestock Production Science.

[15] Dunn N. Positive aspects of no-crate farrowing. Pig Progress. 2005;21:20-24

[16] Li Y, Johnston L, Hilbrands A. Preweaning mortality of piglets in a bedded group-farrowing. Journal of Swine Health and Production; 2012;18(2):75-80

[17] Koketsu Y, Takahashi H, Akachi K. Longevity, lifetime pig production and productivity, and age at first conception in a cohort of gilts observed over six years on commercial farms. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 1999;61(9):

[18] Tomažin U, Mežan A, Kastelic A,

Batorek-Lukač N, Škrlep M,

[Accessed: 6-10-2017]

Vienna, Austria: 2017

pp. 81-104

2002;78:3-12

1001-1005

Survey WP 1.3, Personal Communication. 2017

[2] Švajger G, Bregar D. Krškopoljski (črnopasasti) prašič [thesis]. Rodica, Slovenia: Biotehniška Fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani; 1991. p. 60

[3] Urankar J, Ložar K, Kovač M, Malovrh Š. Fertility in Krškopolje sows. In: Simčič M, Jevšinec-Skok D, editors. Proceedings of 26th International DAGENE Symposium; 17th-19th June 2015; Dobrna, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biotechnical Faculty,

University of Ljubljana; 2015. pp. 35-42

[4] Urankar J, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Dispersion parameters for litter size and teat number in Krškopolje pig. In: Čandek-Potokar M, editors. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica Supplement. Presented at the 8th International Symposium on the Mediterranean Pig;

10-12 October 2013; Ljubljana, Slovenija. Ljubljana, Slovenija: Biotechnical Faculty; 2013. pp. 57-60

Prašičev. 2008;11:16-19

59-61

152

[5] Kastelic A, Malovrh Š, Šalehar A. Plodnost svinj krškopoljske pasme. Reja

[6] Šalehar A. The Krškopolje pig. Pig News and Information. 1994;15:

[7] Šalehar A, Kramar Z, Švajger G, Bregar D, Štuhec I, Tavčar J. Kraškopoljski prašič. Sodobno Kmetijstvo. 1992;52:326-328

[8] Čandek-Potokar M. TREASURE

[9] Kastelic A. Average Data from KGZS-NM Database Between. 2015

Survey WP 2.1, Personal Communication. 2017

krškopoljskega prašiča [thesis]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko; 2008. p. 206 Čandek-Potokar M. Rastnost pujskov krškopoljske pasme do konca vzreje. In: Čeh T, editors. Proceedings of the 24th International Scientific Symposium on Nutrition of Farm Animals; 12-13 November 2015; Radenci, Slovenia. Radenci, Slovenia: Kmetijsko Gozdarska Zbornica Slovenije, Kmetijsko Gozdarski Zavod; 2015. p. 8

[19] Mežan A, Kastelic A, Tomažin U, Čandek-Potokar M. Spremljanje rasti sesnih pujskov pasme krškopoljski prašič. Kmetovalec. 2015;83:13-14

[20] Krhin M. Razlika med prašiči bele požlahtnjene in črnopasaste krškopoljske pasme v povprečnem dnevnem priraščanju, odstotku klavnosti in odstotku slanine ter sala [thesis]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Fakulteta za Agronomijo, Gozdarstvo in Veterinarstvo v Ljubljani; 1959. p. 29

[21] Kastelic A. Telesna sestava prašičev krškopoljske pasme [thesis]. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko; 2001. p. 55

[22] Šalehar A, Kramar-Pribožič Z, Kastelic A, Žgur S. Krškopoljski prašič— Slovenska pasma. Meso in Mesnine. 2002;2:15-17

[23] Kastelic A, Šalehar A, Žgur S. Mesnatost krškopoljskega prašiča. Sodobno Kmetetijstvo. 2002;35:267-270

[24] Čandek-Potokar M, Žlender B, Kramar Z, Šegula B, Fazarinic G, Uršič M. Evaluation of Slovene local pig breed Krškopolje for carcass and meat quality. Czech Journal of Animal Science. 2003; 48:120-128

[25] Kovač M, Flisar T, Malovrh Š. Growth of Krškopolje pig in different environments. In: Simčič M, Jevšinec-Skok D, editors. Proccedings of the 26th International DAGENE Symposium; 17-19 June 2015; Dobrna, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biotechnical

Faculty, University of Ljubljana; 2015. p. 27

[26] Kovač M, Urankar J, Ule A, Malovrh Š. Poglavje 17: Klavne lastnosti krškopoljskih prašičev. In: Kovač M, Malovrh Š, editors. Krškopoljski Prašič —Od Reje Do Predelave Na Domu. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko, Enota za Prašičerejo; 2015. pp. 145-156

[27] Planinc M, Žemva M, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Klavne lastnosti in lastnosti tehnološke kakovosti mesa krškopoljskega prašiča in hibrida 12. In: Čeh T, editors. Proceedings of the 19th International Scientific Symposium on Nutrition of Farm Animals; Radenci, Slovenia. Radenci, Slovenia: Kmetijsko Gozdarska Zbornica Slovenije, Kmetijsko Gozdarski Zavod; 2010. pp. 7-8

[28] Gril A. Razlike o intramuskularni maščobi pri prašičih Landrace in Krškopoljske pasme [thesis]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Agronomski Oddelek; 1965. p. 46

[29] Eiselt E, Ferjan J. Proizvodne značilnosti krškopoljskega prašiča. In: Znanost in Praksa v Živinoreji; Bled, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty; 1972. p. 855-863

[30] Furman M, Malovrh Š, Levart A, Kovač M. Fatty acid composition of meat and adipose tissue from Krškopolje pigs and commercial fatteners in Slovenia. Archiv fur Tierzucht. 2010;53: 73-84

[31] Tomažin U, Batorek-Lukač N, Škrlep M, Prevolnik-Povše M, Čandek-Potokar M. Meat and fat quality of Krškopolje pigs reared in conventional and organic production systems. Animal. Cambridge University Press;

#### 2018:1-8. DOI: 10.1017/ S1751731118002409

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[33] Žemva M. Kakovost mesa in maščobnega tkiva slovenskih lokalnih genotipov prašičev [dissertation]. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko; 2010. p. 136

[34] Žemva M, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Effect of weight, sex and age on technological quality of meat in Krškopolje pigs. Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis. 2010;14:41-46

[35] Žemva M, Kovač M, Urankar J, Levart A, Malovrh Š. Fatty acid composition of muscle in Krškopolje pigs and hybrids 12. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 2012;100(Supp. 3):205-209

[36] Žemva M, Ngapo TM, Malovrh Š, Levart A, Kovač M. Fat quality in the indigenous Krškopolje pig reared in an enriched environment. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 2014;104:75-79

[37] Žemva M, Ngapo TM, Malovrh Š, Levart A, Kovač M. Effect of sex and slaughter weight on meat and fat quality of the Krškopolje pig reared in an enriched environment. Animal Production Science. 2015;55:1200-1206

[38] Žemva M, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Poglavje 18: Kakovost mesa in maščobe krškopoljskega prašiča. In: Kovač M, Malovrh Š, editors. Krškopoljski Prašič —Od Reje Do Predelave Na Domu. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko, Enota za Prašičerejo; 2015. pp. 157-166

[39] Žemva M, Malovrh Š, Levart A, Kovač M. Poglavje 19:

Maščobnokislinska sestava dolge hrbtne mišice pri krškopoljskih prašičih. In: Kova M, Malovrh Š, editors. Krškopoljski Prašič—Od Reje Do Predelave Na Domu. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko, Enota za Prašičerejo; 2015. pp. 167-172

Chapter 11

Abstract

24 hours after slaughter.

Lithuania

155

Lietuvos Vietinė (Lithuanian

Violeta Razmaitė, Rūta Šveistienė, Virginija Jatkauskienė,

Remigijus Juška, Raimondas Leikus and Nina Batorek-Lukač

Lietuvos vietinė pigs were developed in Lithuanian ethnic lands following natural selection and introduction of some imported pigs. Earlier, no purposeful selection was carried out for this old Lithuanian pig breed. Lietuvos vietinė pigs as other local pig breeds are adapted to the specific local environment and could be fed with

biodiversity, they represent the basis for sustainable local pork chains. The present chapter aims to present history and current status of Lietuvos vietinė pig breed, its exterior phenotypic characteristics, geographical location, production system and main products from this Lithuanian autochthonous breed of pigs, one of the local pig breeds investigated in the project TREASURE. Moreover, a collection and review of available literature data, available until August 2017, on reproductive and productive traits of Lietuvos vietinė pig breed were carried out. Reproductive and growth performance was estimated in different stages. Lean meat content was measured by ultrasonic equipment Piglog on the side of live pigs at the position of 12 ribs. Measurements of backfat thickness were taken with a ruler on the left side of carcasses at the dorsal line of the mid-back at the last rib and loin area at the 1/2 lumbar vertebra by digital camera EX-Z110 and afterwards were planimetrically measured by means of the "SCAN-STAR K" planimetrical system. Meat quality traits of the longissimus muscle were evaluated by means of pH at 45 min and

Keywords: traditional European breed, TREASURE, productive traits, phenotype,

The Lithuanian indigenous wattle (Lithuanian: Lietuvos vietinė) is a domestic pig native to Lithuania and is one of the oldest pig varieties in Europe. Census of Lietuvos vietinė pig breed is presented in Figure 1. Presently, there are only two registered farms of Lietuvos vietinė pigs with about 43 breeding sows and 11 boars

1. History and current status of the breed (census)

in the latest available status (December 2017).

various locally available feedstuffs. So besides their genetic merit for agro-

Indigenous Wattle) Pig

[40] Furman M, Levart A, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Nutritional quality of Krškopolje and commercial fattener pig meats in Slovenia. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2009;8(Supp. 3): 219-221

[41] Ogorevc J, Zorc M, Škrlep M, Bozzi R, Petig M, Fontanesi L, Čandek-Potokar M, Dovč P. Is KIT locus polymorphism rs328592739 related to white belt phenotype in Krškopolje pig? In: Proceedings of 25th International Symposium Animal Science Days; 20-22 September 2017; Brandlucken, Austria. 2017

[42] Wood JD, Enser M, Fisher AV, Nute GR, Sheard PR, Richardson RI, et al. Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: A review. Meat Science. 2008;78(4):343-358. DOI: 10.1016/j. meatsci.2007.07.019

#### Chapter 11

2018:1-8. DOI: 10.1017/ S1751731118002409

[32] Kač M. Kakovost mišičnine krškopoljskega prašiča [thesis]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Živilstvo; 2002. p. 39 Maščobnokislinska sestava dolge hrbtne mišice pri krškopoljskih prašičih. In:

Predelave Na Domu. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko, Enota za Prašičerejo; 2015. pp. 167-172

[40] Furman M, Levart A, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Nutritional quality of

Krškopolje and commercial fattener pig meats in Slovenia. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2009;8(Supp. 3):

[41] Ogorevc J, Zorc M, Škrlep M, Bozzi R, Petig M, Fontanesi L, Čandek-Potokar M, Dovč P. Is KIT locus polymorphism rs328592739 related to white belt phenotype in Krškopolje pig? In: Proceedings of 25th International Symposium Animal Science Days; 20-22 September 2017; Brandlucken, Austria.

[42] Wood JD, Enser M, Fisher AV, Nute GR, Sheard PR, Richardson RI, et al. Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: A review. Meat Science. 2008;78(4):343-358. DOI: 10.1016/j.

Kova M, Malovrh Š, editors. Krškopoljski Prašič—Od Reje Do

219-221

European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance. A Study of Project TREASURE

2017

meatsci.2007.07.019

[33] Žemva M. Kakovost mesa in maščobnega tkiva slovenskih lokalnih genotipov prašičev [dissertation]. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko; 2010. p. 136

[34] Žemva M, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Effect of weight, sex and age on technological quality of meat in Krškopolje pigs. Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis. 2010;14:41-46

[35] Žemva M, Kovač M, Urankar J, Levart A, Malovrh Š. Fatty acid composition of muscle in Krškopolje pigs and hybrids 12. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 2012;100(Supp. 3):205-209

[36] Žemva M, Ngapo TM, Malovrh Š, Levart A, Kovač M. Fat quality in the indigenous Krškopolje pig reared in an

Agriculturae Slovenica. 2014;104:75-79

[37] Žemva M, Ngapo TM, Malovrh Š, Levart A, Kovač M. Effect of sex and slaughter weight on meat and fat quality of the Krškopolje pig reared in an enriched environment. Animal

Production Science. 2015;55:1200-1206

[38] Žemva M, Malovrh Š, Kovač M. Poglavje 18: Kakovost mesa in maščobe krškopoljskega prašiča. In: Kovač M, Malovrh Š, editors. Krškopoljski Prašič —Od Reje Do Predelave Na Domu. Domžale, Slovenia: Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška Fakulteta, Oddelek za Zootehniko, Enota za Prašičerejo; 2015. pp. 157-166

[39] Žemva M, Malovrh Š, Levart A,

Kovač M. Poglavje 19:

154

enriched environment. Acta
