**Acronyms and abbreviations**


**223**

**Author details**

Manoj Kamalanathan and Antonietta Quigg\*

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: quigga@tamu.edu

Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*Physiological Limitations and Solutions to Various Applications of Microalgae*

FADH (reduced) flavin adenine dinucleotide CCM carbon concentration mechanism

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90206*

ATP adenosine triphosphate ADP adenosine diphosphate UVA ultraviolet rays A UVB ultraviolet rays B

PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids DNA deoxyribonucleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid PS-I photosystem I PS-II photosystem II

*Physiological Limitations and Solutions to Various Applications of Microalgae DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90206*


*Microalgae - From Physiology to Application*

Overall, the successful transition of microalgal products from laboratory to industry largely depends on addressing various physiological limitations of microalgae. Biodiesel production from microalgae, although requires further research, can achieve commercial success by simple modifications such as heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae in combination with genetic engineering to gain properties such as fast-growing and high lipid-secreting ability in microalgae. High valued products from microalgae can also benefit from similar modification such as heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation; however, the lack of knowledge on the physiological role and the biochemical pathway regulating the synthesis of these products demands further research to strategically optimize the production to its maximal potential. EPS production by microalgae, on the other hand, has a benefit of the product being naturally secreted by microalgae; however, its commercial success is hindered by the lack of knowledge of its physiological role and the nebulous nature of its applications. Hydrogen production from microalgae is a promising candidate for being a cleaner source of energy over other alternatives; however, its failure to gain commercial attention is primarily due to the limited

The Open Access publishing fees for this article have been covered by the Texas A&M University Open Access to Knowledge Fund (OAKFund), supported by the

University Libraries and the Office of the Vice President for Research.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**6. Conclusions**

research invested.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Acronyms and abbreviations**

CO2 Carbon dioxide H2 hydrogen O2 oxygen N2 nitrogen H2O water Fe-S iron–sulfur C carbon N nitrogen P phosphorus S sulfur Si silica

EPS exopolymeric substances

FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide

RUBISCO ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxidase

NADH (reduced) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADPH (reduced) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

**222**
