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## Meet the editor

Yongxia Zhou obtained a PhD from the University of Southern California in Biomedical Imaging in 2004. Her main research interest is in radiology and neuroscience applications. She had been trained and worked as a medical imaging scientist at several prestigious institutes including Columbia University, University of Pennsylvania, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Her research focuses on multimodal neuroimaging

integration including MRI/PET and EEG/MEG instrumentation that makes the best use of multiple modalities to help interpret underlying disease mechanisms. She has authored six monograph books, and edited several books for well-known publishers including IntechOpen and Nova Science. She has published more than 100 papers and presentations in many reputed international journals and conferences, and served as reviewer and editor for several well-known associations.

Contents

**Section 1**

Diseases

**Section 2**

Directions

*by Agnieszka Anna Reid*

of Alzheimer's Disease

Using Wearable NIRS

**Preface XI**

Neurobiology **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 23**

Multimodal Applications **45**

**Chapter 3 47**

**Chapter 4 79**

**Chapter 5 95**

Targeting Neuroglial Sodium Channels in Neuroinflammatory

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Chronic Fatigue

*by Yu Yao, Xiaoli Wang, Shuzhang Zhang, Zhiping Zhang, Wei Wang, Yudan Zhu, Jiwei Cheng, Guoyi Li and Jie Tao*

Syndrome in Older Adults: The Rehabilitation Perspectives *by Frank Ho-Yin Lai, Maria Uscinska and Elaine Wai-hung Yan*

Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future

Electroencephalogram Based Biomarkers for Detection

Measurement and Evaluation of Brain Activity for Train Drivers

*by Ali H. Husseen Al-Nuaimi, Shaymaa Al-Juboori, Emmanuel Jammeh, Lingfen Sun and Emmanuel Ifeachor*

*by Hitoshi Tsunashima and Keita Aibara*

## Contents


#### **Section 3** Clinical Trials Network **115**

#### **Chapter 6 117**

Imaging and Neuro-Oncology Clinical Trials of the National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN) *by Thomas J. FitzGerald, Maryann Bishop-Jodoin, Fran Laurie, Richard Hanusik, Matthew Iandoli, Kathryn Karolczuk, Sandra Kessel, Fred Prior, Joel Saltz, Ashish Sharma, Michael Knopp, Mark Rosen,* 

*Ying Xiao, David Followill, Jeff Michalski, M. Giulia Cicchetti and Janaki Moni*

Preface

Neuroimaging is one of the main topics in radiology and neuroscience for probing normal brain physiology and disease alterations. In vivo brain neuroimaging with new technologies of multiple imaging modalities including MRI, PET, CT, and EEG/MEG has achieved great success with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Earlier identification of key pathological signatures of disease with advanced imaging techniques is critical for effective treatment and disease prevention. Revealing underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and utilization of ultra-fast and superior high-resolution imaging methodologies in large patient cohorts has broadened the neuroimaging field to the new horizon of precise and personal medicine. Multimodal neuroimaging metrics for clinical research such as functional and structural MRI, EEG activity, blood flow, and metabolism, together with the network management of nationwide clinical trial centers, are of vital importance and could play significant roles in improving disease diagnosis and treatment.

The first section of the book refers to the neurobiology of the central nervous system including neuroinflammation and fatigue perspectives. Chapter 1 "Targeting Neuroglial Sodium Channels in Neuroinflammatory Diseases" highlights the physiological and pathological roles of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and their therapeutic implications for neuroinflammatory diseases. Neuroglial sodium channels such as microglial, astroglial, and oligodendroglial channels as well as their implications in brain diseases including multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease are described in detail, respectively. The thorough review of the central role of glia in central nervous system health and disease could help further our understanding of the underlying disease physiology and molecular pathways, and therefore possibly facilitate novel therapeutic developments. Chapter 2 "Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Older Adults: The Rehabilitation Perspectives" outlines the correlations between chronic fatigue symptoms (CSF) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity, the underlying physiological causes of CSF, and various affecting factors. After introducing the neuroimaging findings and clinical relationship between CFS and HPA, the chapter presents a randomized control trial examining the effectiveness of Activity Scheduling (AS) on individuals with CFS. The results found a positive effect of AS on improvements of activity participation in older adults with CFS, consistent with previous studies on depression. Revealing the biopsychosocial associations, this study provides insightful clues to the evaluation, management,

The second section of the book covers the multimodal applications of neuroimaging including MRI, EEG, and NIRS. Chapter 3 "Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions" evaluates neuroimaging findings of DCD based on published literature. First, the chapter introduces definitions, prevalence, and symptoms of DCD. Then it presents detailed results including specific findings using each neuroimaging technique, providing insightful and perspective clues to the multimodal imaging evidence of DCD. These multiple imaging findings including functional MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and

and rehabilitation service for CFS.

## Preface

Neuroimaging is one of the main topics in radiology and neuroscience for probing normal brain physiology and disease alterations. In vivo brain neuroimaging with new technologies of multiple imaging modalities including MRI, PET, CT, and EEG/MEG has achieved great success with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Earlier identification of key pathological signatures of disease with advanced imaging techniques is critical for effective treatment and disease prevention. Revealing underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and utilization of ultra-fast and superior high-resolution imaging methodologies in large patient cohorts has broadened the neuroimaging field to the new horizon of precise and personal medicine. Multimodal neuroimaging metrics for clinical research such as functional and structural MRI, EEG activity, blood flow, and metabolism, together with the network management of nationwide clinical trial centers, are of vital importance and could play significant roles in improving disease diagnosis and treatment.

The first section of the book refers to the neurobiology of the central nervous system including neuroinflammation and fatigue perspectives. Chapter 1 "Targeting Neuroglial Sodium Channels in Neuroinflammatory Diseases" highlights the physiological and pathological roles of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and their therapeutic implications for neuroinflammatory diseases. Neuroglial sodium channels such as microglial, astroglial, and oligodendroglial channels as well as their implications in brain diseases including multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease are described in detail, respectively. The thorough review of the central role of glia in central nervous system health and disease could help further our understanding of the underlying disease physiology and molecular pathways, and therefore possibly facilitate novel therapeutic developments. Chapter 2 "Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Older Adults: The Rehabilitation Perspectives" outlines the correlations between chronic fatigue symptoms (CSF) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity, the underlying physiological causes of CSF, and various affecting factors. After introducing the neuroimaging findings and clinical relationship between CFS and HPA, the chapter presents a randomized control trial examining the effectiveness of Activity Scheduling (AS) on individuals with CFS. The results found a positive effect of AS on improvements of activity participation in older adults with CFS, consistent with previous studies on depression. Revealing the biopsychosocial associations, this study provides insightful clues to the evaluation, management, and rehabilitation service for CFS.

The second section of the book covers the multimodal applications of neuroimaging including MRI, EEG, and NIRS. Chapter 3 "Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions" evaluates neuroimaging findings of DCD based on published literature. First, the chapter introduces definitions, prevalence, and symptoms of DCD. Then it presents detailed results including specific findings using each neuroimaging technique, providing insightful and perspective clues to the multimodal imaging evidence of DCD. These multiple imaging findings including functional MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and

**II**

**Section 3**

Trials Network (NCTN)

*and Janaki Moni*

Clinical Trials Network **115**

**Chapter 6 117**

Imaging and Neuro-Oncology Clinical Trials of the National Clinical

*by Thomas J. FitzGerald, Maryann Bishop-Jodoin, Fran Laurie, Richard Hanusik, Matthew Iandoli, Kathryn Karolczuk, Sandra Kessel, Fred Prior, Joel Saltz, Ashish Sharma, Michael Knopp, Mark Rosen, Ying Xiao, David Followill, Jeff Michalski, M. Giulia Cicchetti* 

functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound could provide a more comprehensive and complementary picture of the disease's functional abnormalities. Future directions including cutting-edge imaging methods and integration, longitudinal studies with more imaging metrics in addition to genetics are addressed accordingly with the hope of more groundbreaking discoveries in DCD research. Chapter 4 "Electroencephalogram-Based Biomarkers for Detection of Alzheimer's Disease" presents the application of electroencephalography (EEG) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) detection. This chapter illustrates research and development of EEG biomarkers that could detect abnormal AD brain activities based on quantitative analysis results of the temporal waves. Specific results including the slowing wave of the EEG and reduction in complexity are found in AD patients in comparison to controls. Similar to information-processing activities, three complexity measures extracted from the EEG frequency bands by TsEn, HFD, and LZC are significantly lower and remain consistently in AD, proving to be a robust and effective biomarker. Chapter 5 "Measurement and Evaluation of Brain Activity for Train Drivers Using Wearable NIRS" introduces near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrumentation for measuring brain activity during train driving tasks. It compares and assesses the blood oxygenation signal and oxygen saturation percentage change along the resting-task repetition paradigm and the real driving task. The brain activity of prior notice and increased attention could be reflected from the NIRS signal using the wavelet processing method. The results confirm that there exists difference in brain activity with and without prior notice.

The third section of the book introduces the Clinical Trials Network and imagingrelated informatics. Chapter 6 "Imaging and Neuro-Oncology Clinical Trials of the National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN)" overviews and discusses many large data topics including clinical center imaging, radiation oncology, and data management of NCTN. It also evaluates the history, importance, and connections of imaging applications, neuro-oncology analyses portfolio, and cancer imaging archive. This informative and illustrative review chapter could serve as a good example in the field of imaging informatics' application in the era of large-size data mining for significant clinical and public applications.

> **Yongxia Zhou, Ph.D.** University of Southern California and Columbia University, Los Angeles, California, USA

> > **1**

Section 1

Neurobiology
