Preface

Environmental pollution with trace metals is one of the most severe ecological problems with a probable threat to human health and negative effects on nature and properties.

This book covers the current literature on the effect of trace elements on the environment and provides the readers with a more comprehensive overview of the main areas of concern to improve the understanding of the complexity associated with trace element research in the environment. This book is a comprehensive approach to those main aspects of metal pollution that should be considered when trying to reduce its emissions and diminish its impact on ecosystems and human health.

The reviews and research papers contained in this book summarize different methodologies for the identification and contribution by emissions sources and describe some of the most important processes involved in the mobility and transport of heavy metals through different compartments in the environment. This book also presents some information about toxic metal effects from direct exposure and environmental health risk assessment, and focuses on the potential use of innovative and technological alternatives for its removal and remediation with synthesized nanomaterials, waste materials, bioremediation techniques and natural adsorbents.

The editors wish to acknowledge the support of CONACYT (No. 2121). We also would like to thank each one of the authors for their contribution and involvement.

**II**

**Chapter 7 123**

Removal and Remediation Techniques **145**

**Chapter 8 147**

**Chapter 9 165**

**Chapter 10 189**

**Chapter 11 203**

**Chapter 12 221**

**Chapter 13 237**

**Chapter 14 263**

Dermatologic Toxicities and Biological Activities of Chromium

Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation *by Thabiso C. Maponya, Mpitloane J. Hato, Thabang R. Somo, Kabelo E. Ramohlola, Mogwasha D. Makhafola, Gobeng R. Monama, Arjun Maity, Kwena D. Modibane and Lebogang M. Katata-Seru*

Low Dimensional Nanostructures: Measurement and Remediation

*by María Luisa García-Betancourt, Sandra I. Ramírez Jiménez,* 

*Ismailia Leilani Escalante-García and Jeannete Ramírez Aparicio*

*by Tanzil Ur Rehman, Luqman Ali Shah, Noor Saeed Khattak,* 

Use of Porous no Metallic Minerals to Remove Heavy Metals, Precious Metals and Rare Earths, by Cationic Exchange *by Juan Hernandez-Avila, Edgar Omar Serrano-Mejía, Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez, Eduardo Cerecedo-Sáenz,* 

*María Isabel Reyes-Valderrama, María del Pilar Gutiérrez-Amador* 

Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept,

Sustainable Treatment of Heavy Metals by Adsorption on Raw

Removal of Heavy Metals from Water and Wastewater Using

Technologies Applied to Trace Heavy Metals in Water

*Apsahara González-Hodges, Zandra E. Nuñez Salazar,* 

Superabsorbent Hydrogels for Heavy Metal Removal

*Abbas Khan, Noor Rehman and Sultan Alam*

*and Ventura Rodríguez-Lugo*

*by Indu Sharma*

Chitin/Chitosan *by Boukhlifi Fatima*

*Moringa oleifera by Eman Noori Ali*

Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects

*by Jumina Jumina and Harizal Harizal*

**Section 3**

**Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar and Hugo Albeiro Saldarriaga-Noreña** Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Mexico

> **Agnieszka Saeid** Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland

Section 1

Source, Mobility and

Fate Processes

**1**

Section 1
