**5. Conclusions**

Chromium as versatile heavy metals showed contradictive properties dealing with its dermatologic toxicity and biological activity properties. The main factors that probably correlate to these properties are concentrations and species of chromium. Significant increment of local chromium concentration (more than 1 ppm for chromium[VI] species) either from dermal or systemic administration would increase the risk of dermatologic toxicities, while topical or oral administration of small recommended dietary concentration of chromium (50–200 μg for chromium picolinate) would give several beneficial effects. More studies need to be conducted to know the exact effect of the local concentration of corresponding chromium species in many systems.

## **Acknowledgements**

The financial support from Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia who has funded the research in calixareneand resorcinarene-based heavy metal adsorbents is acknowledged.

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**Author details**

Jumina Jumina1

Jakarta, Indonesia

\* and Harizal Harizal<sup>2</sup>

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

\*Address all correspondence to: jumina@ugm.ac.id

provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,

2 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Esa Unggul,

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*Dermatologic Toxicities and Biological Activities of Chromium*

The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90347*

**Conflict of interest**

*Dermatologic Toxicities and Biological Activities of Chromium DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90347*
