**2. Materials and methods**

Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) [1, 2]. Attempts towards the assessment, mechanism and the characteristics of trace metal pollution in surrounding areas of mines has been and continue being a theme of various scientific gatherings.

Globally, the extraction and distribution of minerals from ore deposits has been one of the actions that contribute to environmental degradation due to industrialization. The extraction and beneficiation processes often result in the release of tailings that end up in natural percolations within the earth crust, thus paving a way for various kinds of risk elements entering the ecosystem. Such practices result in serious environmental complications due to the elevated concentrations and accu-

The mining and processing of gold is associated with certain elements such as Copper (Cu), Antimony (Sb), Nickel (Ni), Selenium (Se), Mercury (Hg), Thallium (Tl), Titanium (Ti), Zinc (Zn), Silver (Ag), Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb) and Uranium (U). Most of these metals are somewhat released into the environment via trophic links ranging from agricultural soils to plants, animals and humans [8–10].

Pollutants from various anthropogenic activities ranging from mine effluents such as wastewaters, tailings, runoff from agricultural pesticides and atmospheric deposition often contaminate the surrounding soils and water bodies thus posing threat to the ecosystem and humans. This occurs via direct ingestion or contact with contaminated soil, the food chain (soil–plant-human or soil–plant–animal-human), drinking of contaminated ground water, reduction in food quality (safety and marketability) via phytotoxicity, reduction in land usability for agricultural production causing food insecurity, and land tenure problems [11, 12]. In humans, several health challenges such as abortion, cancer, kidney damage and sometimes death, are some of the consequences of prolonged exposure to extreme concentrations of trace metals [13]. The importance of soil cannot be over emphasized as it is characterized as a complex and dynamic system that is made up of sediments that are different in relation to their physical, chemical, mineralogical and biological constituents. Soil is an essential resource for natural living conditions of plants, animals and humans. The role of soil as a collector filter of both organic and inorganic residues helps in protecting groundwater and in the sequestration of toxic materials [14]. The accumulation of excess metals and metalloids in soils over an extended period exposes humans and other animals to toxicity [15]. Assessing the spatial distribution of trace metals is soil is crucial to obtaining basic information about areas of concerns and to prioritize site mitigation strategies [16]. However, the quantification of element concentrations in soil as a single parameter is not enough in evaluating the extent of contamination due to differentiation between natural background levels and anthropogenic enrichment [3]. Indexes including geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF) which are known to provide a better picture of the status of elemental contamination compared to the background concentration were used as pointers in identifying and quantifying the level of elemental pollution as well as

mulation of trace metals which poses risk for human health [3–7].

*Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances*

the intensity of anthropogenic contaminants accumulated in the soil.

**82**

There are enormous impacts of mine tailings disposal sites with over 500,000 abandoned hard rock mines located in the United States, while Mexico alone is affected by 27.1 million hectares of mining activity [17–19]. Gold mine waste was reported in 2001 by South Africa's Department of Water Affairs and Forestry as the largest single source of waste constituting over 47% of mineral wastes generated in South Africa [20]. Previous studies indicate that there are close to 300 unlined and not vegetated tailings dumps covering over 400 km2 surface area within the Witwatersrand Basin of the Republic of South Africa. With tailings dumps being a major source of contaminants, the Witwatersrand Basin's massive tailing dumps are a possible, environmental pollution threat [21]. Studies into the deposits in the mine regions of
