*2.1.2 Climatological information*

For the generation of rainfall time series, two sources were considered: one of them was the database named ERIC III that contains the meteorological information recorded by terrestrial climatological stations. The second source used was the CLIMATESERV database. The ERIC III database contains official information recorded by climatological stations from the National Water Commission (CONAGUA by its acronym in Spanish). The average daily precipitation was calculated with the help of the program *ArcGIS* 10.4, using the method of the *Thiessen polygons*. On the other hand, CLIMATESERV contains information from multiple satellite data sources and terrestrial observations, which combine the information to create rainfall historical series. **Figure 1** shows the average daily precipitation

**71**

*Hydrological Modeling in the Rio Conchos Basin Using Satellite Information*

of year 1981 from the two-database mentioned, which served as the main input parameter for the hydrological model. It is worth mentioning that the difference in millimeters of rainfall of the time series from the two databases is 11.15 mm that is

*Precipitation time series of the ERIC III and CLIMATESERV of the year 1981.*

Hydrometric information was obtained from the National Surface Water Data Bank (BANDAS by its acronym in Spanish) of the CONAGUA. In addition, naturalized flow information from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ ) was used [3]. The study area contains only one hydrometric station, 24,400-Llanitos, but it is located in the upper part of the basin, so the information could not be used. Thus, it was determined to use the hydrometric station 24077-Colina and the hydro-climatological station 8055-La Boquilla, which are located at the exit of the watershed. **Figure 2** shows the location of hydrometric stations in the study basin, and **Figure 3** shows the average daily runoff of year 1981 of the stations mentioned, which was used for calibrating the hydrological model.

The area of the Río Conchos—P. de la Colina watershed is 20,814 km<sup>2</sup>

was obtained with the help of the software *ArcGIS* taking as base layer the file.shp of hydrological subregions from the CONAGUA. The concentration time (Tc) was calculated using the *Kirpich* equation, which relates the length (Li) and the slope (Si) of the main channel. The *Taylor-Schwarz* method was used for the slope calculation. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture [4], the relationship between the Tc and the peak time (Tp) is equal to Tp = 0.6Tc. The curve number (CN) was calculated with the soil conservation service method (SCS), which is defined by the hydrological soil groups (HSG), soil treatment, type of coverage, and the anteced-

After gathering the necessary information to enter into the hydrologic model,

the model was built to simulate the rain-runoff process of Río Conchos-P. de la Colina with the HEC-HMS software version 4.2.1 using the method of

, which

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83691*

equivalent to 1.63% of inconsistency.

*2.1.3 Hydrometric information*

**Figure 1.**

*2.1.4 Physiographic information*

ent moisture conditions (AMCs).

**2.2 Construction of the HEC-HMS model**

*Hydrological Modeling in the Rio Conchos Basin Using Satellite Information DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83691*

#### **Figure 1.**

*Technology, Science and Culture - A Global Vision*

logical stations.

**2. Methodology**

**2.1 Data collection**

Bravo/Grande basin.

*2.1.2 Climatological information*

*2.1.1 Geographic information*

integrated water management in hydrological watersheds. This model aims to determine the amount of water available and analyze in detail the rain-runoff process in the watershed, and, thus, know the availability in the tributaries and help the decisionmaking in relation to the distribution of water resources, the proper implementation of integrated water management, and compliance with international treaties in the region. The construction of a hydrological model generally requires precipitation information and different physical parameters of the watersheds. In Mexico, the availability of official rainfall information, reliable and sufficient, is a challenge today, because there are no updated records in some regions. In some areas, there is the right amount of information but with poor quality, while other locations have few climato-

On the other hand, using the tools of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, we now have satellite precipitation information that can reinforce and even supply the lack of information available in the network of climatological stations. However, it is necessary to evaluate the quality and usefulness of satellite information, for which an intercomparison exercise between sources of information is very useful and sometimes necessary. An alternative to obtain updated satellite records is the CLIMATESERV database of the GLOBALSERV. This database is made up of differ-

The objective of this work is to present the analysis and the results obtained from the simulation corresponding to year 1981 of the rain-runoff process using the HEC-HMS software, considering the Río Conchos as the case study area—P. de la

The geographic information of the basin was obtained in scale 1:50,000 and 1:250,000, which are common scales that manage the official dependencies in Mexico. This information is available in files with .shp extension (*Shapefile*) and in raster format for digital elevation models (DEM), which are located in the Lambert Conformal Conic projection coordinate system (CCL ITRF 1992), which uses the Datum International Terrestrial Reference Framework 1992 (D\_ITRF\_1992). A very complete relational data model was created including the most relevant base geographic and historical information compiled in the rio

For the generation of rainfall time series, two sources were considered: one of them was the database named ERIC III that contains the meteorological information recorded by terrestrial climatological stations. The second source used was the CLIMATESERV database. The ERIC III database contains official information recorded by climatological stations from the National Water Commission (CONAGUA by its acronym in Spanish). The average daily precipitation was calculated with the help of the program *ArcGIS* 10.4, using the method of the *Thiessen polygons*. On the other hand, CLIMATESERV contains information from multiple satellite data sources and terrestrial observations, which combine the information to create rainfall historical series. **Figure 1** shows the average daily precipitation

ent satellite data sources and terrestrial source records.

Colina subbasin located within the Río Conchos basin.

**70**

*Precipitation time series of the ERIC III and CLIMATESERV of the year 1981.*

of year 1981 from the two-database mentioned, which served as the main input parameter for the hydrological model. It is worth mentioning that the difference in millimeters of rainfall of the time series from the two databases is 11.15 mm that is equivalent to 1.63% of inconsistency.

### *2.1.3 Hydrometric information*

Hydrometric information was obtained from the National Surface Water Data Bank (BANDAS by its acronym in Spanish) of the CONAGUA. In addition, naturalized flow information from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ ) was used [3]. The study area contains only one hydrometric station, 24,400-Llanitos, but it is located in the upper part of the basin, so the information could not be used. Thus, it was determined to use the hydrometric station 24077-Colina and the hydro-climatological station 8055-La Boquilla, which are located at the exit of the watershed. **Figure 2** shows the location of hydrometric stations in the study basin, and **Figure 3** shows the average daily runoff of year 1981 of the stations mentioned, which was used for calibrating the hydrological model.

#### *2.1.4 Physiographic information*

The area of the Río Conchos—P. de la Colina watershed is 20,814 km<sup>2</sup> , which was obtained with the help of the software *ArcGIS* taking as base layer the file.shp of hydrological subregions from the CONAGUA. The concentration time (Tc) was calculated using the *Kirpich* equation, which relates the length (Li) and the slope (Si) of the main channel. The *Taylor-Schwarz* method was used for the slope calculation. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture [4], the relationship between the Tc and the peak time (Tp) is equal to Tp = 0.6Tc. The curve number (CN) was calculated with the soil conservation service method (SCS), which is defined by the hydrological soil groups (HSG), soil treatment, type of coverage, and the antecedent moisture conditions (AMCs).

#### **2.2 Construction of the HEC-HMS model**

After gathering the necessary information to enter into the hydrologic model, the model was built to simulate the rain-runoff process of Río Conchos-P. de la Colina with the HEC-HMS software version 4.2.1 using the method of

#### **Figure 2.**

*Location of hydrometric stations.*

#### **Figure 3.** *Average daily runoff of year 1981.*

**73**

**Figure 5.**

*Hydrological Modeling in the Rio Conchos Basin Using Satellite Information*

**3. Results, calibration, and statistical evaluation**

two sources of precipitation information mentioned above.

transformation of the SCS Unitary Hydrograph (**Figure 4**). The data were input into the software in an organized manner taking into consideration its main components: basin model, meteorological model, control specifications, and timeseries data [5]. The simulation of the hydrological model used a period of 365 days, from January 1 to December 31, 1981, establishing a daily interval. The time series of the different databases were captured manually, specifying the increment in

**Figure 5** shows the output hydrograph of the hydrological simulations with the

The calibration of the model involved a quantitative assessment of the hydrological response of the subbasin. This process was done by comparing the observed hydrograph with the simulated hydrograph. This is essential for the evaluation of the model, to compare the distribution and variations of the data [6]. **Figure 6**

The performance of the results of the model was assessed with several statistic models, such as the coefficient of determination, correlation, standard deviation of observations (RSR), and efficiency of the Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE). **Table 1** shows the results of the statistical evaluation of the simulations versus the observed

*Output hydrographs of hydrological model HEC-HMS: CONAGUA (red) vs. CLIMATESERV (blue).*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83691*

millimeters (mm).

**3.1 Results**

**3.2 Calibration**

shows the result of this comparison.

**3.3 Statistical evaluation**

historical information.

**Figure 4.** *Scheme of the HEC-HMS hydrological model of the Río Conchos-Presa de la Colina subbasin.*

*Hydrological Modeling in the Rio Conchos Basin Using Satellite Information DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83691*

transformation of the SCS Unitary Hydrograph (**Figure 4**). The data were input into the software in an organized manner taking into consideration its main components: basin model, meteorological model, control specifications, and timeseries data [5]. The simulation of the hydrological model used a period of 365 days, from January 1 to December 31, 1981, establishing a daily interval. The time series of the different databases were captured manually, specifying the increment in millimeters (mm).
