Relevant Measurement Methods

Chapter 3

Abstract

<sup>η</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>71</sup> � <sup>10</sup><sup>24</sup> fm<sup>2</sup>

1. Introduction

23

Edward Henry Jimenez

Exergy: Mechanical Nuclear

Physics Measures Pressure,

K-Shell in a Classical Way

Viscosity and X-Ray Resonance in

First, the liquid drop model assumes a priori; to the atomic nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, as an incompressible nuclear fluid that should comply with the Navier–Stokes 3D equations (N-S3D). Conjecture, not yet proven, however, this model has successfully predicted the binding energy of the nuclei. Second, the calculation of nuclear pressure <sup>p</sup><sup>0</sup> <sup>∈</sup>1:42, 1:94�10<sup>32</sup>Pa and average viscosity

> <sup>2</sup><sup>η</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup> T1=<sup>2</sup> ,

<sup>2</sup><sup>η</sup> <sup>t</sup>�<sup>μ</sup> <sup>x</sup>2þy2þz<sup>2</sup> ð Þ1=<sup>2</sup> , Fourth,

1þe p0

<sup>=</sup><sup>s</sup> , as a function of the nuclear decay constant <sup>k</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>p</sup><sup>0</sup>

Fermi Dirac generalized probability function P xð Þ¼ , <sup>y</sup>, <sup>z</sup>, <sup>t</sup> <sup>1</sup>

data were isotopes: 9≤Z ≤ 92 and 9≤ N ≤200:

not only complements the information from the National Nuclear Data Center, but also presents an analytical solution of (N- S3D). Third, the solution of (N-S3D) is a

the parameter μ has a correspondence with the Yukawa potential coefficient μ ¼ αm ¼ 1=r, Fifth, using low energy X-rays we visualize and measure parameters of the nuclear surface (proton radio) giving rise to the femtoscope. Finally, we obtain that the pressure of the proton is 8.14 times greater than the pressure of the neutron, and 1000 times greater than the pressure of the atomic nucleus. Analyzed

Keywords: femtoscope, Navier Stokes 3D, nuclear viscosity, minimum entropy

to guide the study of the mechanical properties of the subatomic world.

Neutron stars are among the densest known objects in the universe, withstanding pressures of the order of 10<sup>34</sup>Pa: However, it turns out that protons [1], the fundamental particles that make up most of the visible matter in the universe, contain pressures 10 times greater, [2, 3] 10<sup>35</sup>Pa: This has been verified from two perspectives at the Jefferson Laboratory, MIT [1–5]. High-energy physics continue

Viscosity is a characteristic physical property of all fluids, which emerges from collisions between fluid particles moving at different speeds, causing resistance to their movement (Figure 1). When a fluid is forced to move by a closed surface, similar to the atomic nucleus, the particles that make up the fluid move slower in the center and faster on the walls of the sphere. Therefore, a shear stress (such as a pressure difference) is necessary to overcome the friction resistance between the
