**1.1 What is polymorphism?**

Polymorphism refers to the ability for the same compound to adopt multiple crystalline packing states. Organic molecules assemble into crystals by weak intermolecular interactions, typically via van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. Many thermodynamic and kinetics factors (such as temperature, solvent mixtures, speed of crystallization, seeding, and pH) can have significant impacts on crystal growth, leading to polymorphism prevalent among organic materials. For instance, a continuous investigation on polymorphism has indicated that approximately one-third of organic substances show polymorphism under normal pressure conditions [19, 20]. Different polymorphs often have distinct physical properties such as solubility, melting point, and electrical, optical, and mechanical properties [21]. The interest in polymorphism has increased significantly in recent years, particularly in the pharmaceutical and material science fields [17, 22].
