**Author details**

Saeed Mian Qaisar Effat University, College of Engineering, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

\*Address all correspondence to: sqaisar@effatuniversity.edu.sa

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**References**

[1] Fraioli F, Almansory KO. Clinical applications of PET/MRI in brain imaging. In: PET/CT in Brain Disorders. Cham: Springer; 2019. pp. 145-154. DOI:

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92193*

monolithic LYSO and digital SiPM for a dedicated small-animal PET system. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2016; **61**(5):2196. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/

[7] Wolszczak W, Ereiksson L, Melcher CL. Scintillators for PET and SPECT. In: Physics of PET and SPECT Imaging. CRC Press; 2017. pp. 65-84.

DOI: 10.4324/9781315374383

Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers,

nima.2015.11.069

[8] Ronzhin A. High time-resolution photo-detectors for PET applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in

Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2016;**809**:53-57. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[9] Slawomir SP. A Technical Guide to Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) | Hamamatsu Photonics. Japan:

Hamamatsu Corporation & New Jersey

Shimosegawa E, et al. Development of a Si-PM-based high-resolution PET system for small animals. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2010;**55**(19): 5817. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/19/013

[11] Qaisar SM. A two stage interpolator and multi threshold discriminator for the brain-PET scanner timestamp calculation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2019;**922**:

364-372. DOI: 10.1016/j. nima.2019.01.004

baseline restoration and

[12] Qaisar SM. Offset compensated

computationally efficient hybrid interpolation for the brain PET. Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems. 2018; **14**(4). DOI: 10.1515/bams-2018-0031

Institute of Technology; 2017

[10] Yamamoto S, Imaizumi M, Watabe T, Watabe H, Kanai Y,

5/2196

*Computationally Efficient Hybrid Interpolation and Baseline Restoration of the Brain-PET Pulses*

[2] Ota R, Omura T, Yamada R, Miwa T, Watanabe M. Evaluation of a submillimeter resolution PET detector with a 1.2 mm pitch TSV-MPPC array one-toone coupled to LFS scintillator crystals and inter-crystal scatter studies with individual signal readout. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences. 2016;**1**(1):15-22. DOI:

10.1007/978-3-030-01523-7\_13

10.1109/TNS.2016.2617334

[3] Gaudin É, Toussaint M,

2877511

Thibaudeau C, Paillé M, Fontaine R, Lecomte R. Performance simulation of an ultrahigh resolution brain PET scanner using 1.2-mm pixel detectors. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences. 2018;**3**(3): 334-342. DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2018.

[4] Dell'Aquila AM, Avramovic N, Mastrobuoni S, Motekallemi A, Wisniewski K, Scherer M, et al. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography for improving diagnosis of infection in patients on CF-LVAD: Longing for more 'insights'. European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. 2018;**19**(5):532-543. DOI:

[5] Huang Q, Ren S, Jiang D, Guan Y, Xie F, Sun D, et al. Changes in brain glucose metabolism and connectivity in somatoform disorders: An 18 F-FDG PET study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2019:1-11. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-

[6] Marcinkowski R, Mollet P, Van Holen R, Vandenberghe S. Submillimetre DOI detector based on

10.1093/ehjci/jex158

01083-0

**189**

*Computationally Efficient Hybrid Interpolation and Baseline Restoration of the Brain-PET Pulses DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92193*

## **References**

[1] Fraioli F, Almansory KO. Clinical applications of PET/MRI in brain imaging. In: PET/CT in Brain Disorders. Cham: Springer; 2019. pp. 145-154. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01523-7\_13

[2] Ota R, Omura T, Yamada R, Miwa T, Watanabe M. Evaluation of a submillimeter resolution PET detector with a 1.2 mm pitch TSV-MPPC array one-toone coupled to LFS scintillator crystals and inter-crystal scatter studies with individual signal readout. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences. 2016;**1**(1):15-22. DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2016.2617334

[3] Gaudin É, Toussaint M, Thibaudeau C, Paillé M, Fontaine R, Lecomte R. Performance simulation of an ultrahigh resolution brain PET scanner using 1.2-mm pixel detectors. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences. 2018;**3**(3): 334-342. DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2018. 2877511

[4] Dell'Aquila AM, Avramovic N, Mastrobuoni S, Motekallemi A, Wisniewski K, Scherer M, et al. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography for improving diagnosis of infection in patients on CF-LVAD: Longing for more 'insights'. European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. 2018;**19**(5):532-543. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jex158

[5] Huang Q, Ren S, Jiang D, Guan Y, Xie F, Sun D, et al. Changes in brain glucose metabolism and connectivity in somatoform disorders: An 18 F-FDG PET study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2019:1-11. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019- 01083-0

[6] Marcinkowski R, Mollet P, Van Holen R, Vandenberghe S. Submillimetre DOI detector based on

monolithic LYSO and digital SiPM for a dedicated small-animal PET system. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2016; **61**(5):2196. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/ 5/2196

[7] Wolszczak W, Ereiksson L, Melcher CL. Scintillators for PET and SPECT. In: Physics of PET and SPECT Imaging. CRC Press; 2017. pp. 65-84. DOI: 10.4324/9781315374383

[8] Ronzhin A. High time-resolution photo-detectors for PET applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2016;**809**:53-57. DOI: 10.1016/j. nima.2015.11.069

[9] Slawomir SP. A Technical Guide to Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) | Hamamatsu Photonics. Japan: Hamamatsu Corporation & New Jersey Institute of Technology; 2017

[10] Yamamoto S, Imaizumi M, Watabe T, Watabe H, Kanai Y, Shimosegawa E, et al. Development of a Si-PM-based high-resolution PET system for small animals. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2010;**55**(19): 5817. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/19/013

[11] Qaisar SM. A two stage interpolator and multi threshold discriminator for the brain-PET scanner timestamp calculation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2019;**922**: 364-372. DOI: 10.1016/j. nima.2019.01.004

[12] Qaisar SM. Offset compensated baseline restoration and computationally efficient hybrid interpolation for the brain PET. Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems. 2018; **14**(4). DOI: 10.1515/bams-2018-0031

**Author details**

*Integrated Circuits/Microchips*

Saeed Mian Qaisar

**188**

Effat University, College of Engineering, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

\*Address all correspondence to: sqaisar@effatuniversity.edu.sa

provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

[13] Qaisar SM. An automatic Peltier effect based MPPC gain regulation for brain-PET. In: 2017 International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA). UAE: IEEE; 2017. pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ ICECTA.2017.8252028

[14] Qaisar SM. A VHDL based interpolator and base line restorer for a brain-PET scanner. In: 2017 International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA). UAE: IEEE; 2017. pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ ICECTA.2017.8252056

[15] Moskal P, Bednarski T, Białas P, Czerwiński E, Kapłon Ł, Kochanowski A, et al. A novel method based solely on field programmable gate array (FPGA) units enabling measurement of time and charge of analog signals in positron emission tomography (PET). Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems. 2014;**10**(1):41-45. DOI: 10.1515/bams-2013-0104

[16] Lu J, Zhao L, Chen K, Deng P, Li B, Liu S, et al. Real-time FPGA-based digital signal processing and correction for a small animal PET. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2019; **66**(7):1287-1295. DOI: 10.1109/ TNS.2019.2908220

[17] Saxena S, Hawari AI. Digital pulse deconvolution with adaptive shaping for real-time high-resolution highthroughput gamma spectroscopy. In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. Elsevier; 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2018.09.123

[18] Hammad ME, Kasban H, Fikry RM, Dessoky MI, Zahran O, Elaraby SM, et al. Pile-up correction algorithm for high count rate gamma ray spectroscopy. Applied Radiation and

Isotopes. 2019;**151**:196-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.06.003

[19] Kawada Y, Yunoki A, Yamada T, Hino Y. Effect of time walk in the use of single channel analyzer/discriminator for saturated pulses in the 4πβ–γ coincidence experiments. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2016;**109**: 369-373. DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015. 12.024

[24] Braga LH, Gasparini L, Grant L, Henderson RK, Massari N, Perenzoni M, et al. A fully digital 8x16 SiPM array for PET applications with per-pixel TDCs and real-time energy output. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 2014;

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92193*

[30] Hanu AR, Prestwich WV, Byun SH. A data acquisition system for twodimensional position sensitive

micropattern gas detectors with delayline readout. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2015;**780**: 33-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2015.01.053

[31] Rao KD, Tunga S. Signals and Systems. Switzerland: Birkhäuser; 2018.

[32] Mohsen E. Reducing system power and cost with Artix-7 FPGAs. Xilinx,

[33] Wang Y, Li P, Zhang P, Zhang C, Cong J. Memory partitioning for multidimensional arrays in high-level synthesis. In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference. New York, USA; 2013. pp. 1-8. DOI:

[34] Agrawal T, Kumar A, Saraswat SK. Design of low power SRAM on Artix-7 FPGA. In: 2016 2nd International Conference on Communication Control and Intelligent Systems (CCIS). India: IEEE; 2016. pp. 203-209. DOI: 10.1109/

[35] Li H, Wang C, Baghaei H, Zhang Y, Ramirez R, Liu S, et al. A new statisticsbased online baseline restorer for a high count-rate fully digital system. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2010;

DOI: 10.1016/C2009-0-19375-3

Artix. 2012;**7**:1-12

*Computationally Efficient Hybrid Interpolation and Baseline Restoration of the Brain-PET Pulses*

10.1145/2463209.2488748

CCIntelS.2016.7878231

**57**(2):550-555. DOI: 10.1109/

TNS.2009.2036914

[25] Braga LH, Gasparini L, Stoppa D. A time of arrival estimator based on multiple timestamps for digital PET detectors. In: 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). California, USA: IEEE; 2012. pp. 1250-1252. DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551306

[26] Tetrault MA, Oliver JF, Bergeron M, Lecomte R, Fontaine R. Real time coincidence detection engine for high count rate timestamp based PET. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2010;

[27] Xie Q, Kao CM, Wang X, Guo N, Zhu C, Frisch H, et al. Potential advantages of digitally sampling scintillation pulses in timing

determination in PET. In: 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS'07). Vol. 6. Honolulu,

[28] Pałka M, Strzempek P, Korcyl G, Bednarski T, Niedźwiecki S, Białas P, et al. Multichannel FPGA based MVT system for high precision time (20 ps RMS) and charge measurement. Journal of Instrumentation. 2017;**12**(08): P08001. DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/12/

[29] Qaisar SM. A custom 70-channel mixed signal ASIC for the brain-PET detectors signal readout and selection. Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express. 2019;**5**(4):045018. Available from: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-

**57**(1):117-124. DOI: 10.1109/

Hawaii, USA: IEEE; 2007. pp. 4271-4274. DOI: 10.1109/ NSSMIC.2007.4437060

08/P08001

4268-3482

**191**

TNS.2009.2038055

**49**(1):301-314

[20] Du J, Schmall JP, Judenhofer MS, Di K, Yang Y, Cherry SR. A time-walk correction method for PET detectors based on leading edge discriminators. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences. 2017;**1**(5): 385-390. DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2017. 2726534

[21] Kafaee M, Moussavi-Zarandi A. Baseline restoration and pile-up correction based on bipolar cusp-like shaping for high-resolution radiation spectroscopy. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2016;**68**(8):960-964. DOI: 10.3938/jkps.68.960

[22] Moskal P, Zoń N, Bednarski T, Białas P, Czerwiński E, Gajos A, et al. A novel method for the line-of-response and time-of-flight reconstruction in TOF-PET detectors based on a library of synchronized model signals. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2015;**775**:54-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2014.12.005

[23] Liksonov D, Qaisar SM. Method for Calculating Interaction Time of Gamma Photon with Scintillation Crystal in Sensor of Positron Emission Tomography System, Involves Determining Curve Representing Evolution of Electrical Signal by Interpolation of Sampling Points, FR 2983590. Available from: https://world wide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q= pn%3DFR2983590B1

*Computationally Efficient Hybrid Interpolation and Baseline Restoration of the Brain-PET Pulses DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92193*

[24] Braga LH, Gasparini L, Grant L, Henderson RK, Massari N, Perenzoni M, et al. A fully digital 8x16 SiPM array for PET applications with per-pixel TDCs and real-time energy output. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 2014; **49**(1):301-314

[13] Qaisar SM. An automatic Peltier effect based MPPC gain regulation for brain-PET. In: 2017 International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA). UAE: IEEE;

Isotopes. 2019;**151**:196-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.06.003

12.024

2726534

[19] Kawada Y, Yunoki A, Yamada T, Hino Y. Effect of time walk in the use of single channel analyzer/discriminator for saturated pulses in the 4πβ–γ coincidence experiments. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2016;**109**: 369-373. DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.

[20] Du J, Schmall JP, Judenhofer MS, Di K, Yang Y, Cherry SR. A time-walk correction method for PET detectors based on leading edge discriminators. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences. 2017;**1**(5): 385-390. DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2017.

[21] Kafaee M, Moussavi-Zarandi A. Baseline restoration and pile-up correction based on bipolar cusp-like shaping for high-resolution radiation spectroscopy. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2016;**68**(8):960-964.

[22] Moskal P, Zoń N, Bednarski T, Białas P, Czerwiński E, Gajos A, et al. A novel method for the line-of-response and time-of-flight reconstruction in TOF-PET detectors based on a library of synchronized model signals. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and

Associated Equipment. 2015;**775**:54-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2014.12.005

[23] Liksonov D, Qaisar SM. Method for Calculating Interaction Time of Gamma Photon with Scintillation Crystal in Sensor of Positron Emission Tomography System, Involves Determining Curve Representing Evolution of Electrical Signal by Interpolation of Sampling Points, FR 2983590. Available from: https://world wide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=

pn%3DFR2983590B1

DOI: 10.3938/jkps.68.960

2017. pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ ICECTA.2017.8252028

*Integrated Circuits/Microchips*

[14] Qaisar SM. A VHDL based

brain-PET scanner. In: 2017

2017. pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ ICECTA.2017.8252056

Czerwiński E, Kapłon Ł,

array (FPGA) units enabling measurement of time and charge of analog signals in positron emission tomography (PET). Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems. 2014;**10**(1):41-45. DOI:

10.1515/bams-2013-0104

for a small animal PET. IEEE

TNS.2019.2908220

**66**(7):1287-1295. DOI: 10.1109/

real-time high-resolution highthroughput gamma spectroscopy. In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in

Physics Research Section A:

high count rate gamma ray

**190**

interpolator and base line restorer for a

International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA). UAE: IEEE;

[15] Moskal P, Bednarski T, Białas P,

Kochanowski A, et al. A novel method based solely on field programmable gate

[16] Lu J, Zhao L, Chen K, Deng P, Li B, Liu S, et al. Real-time FPGA-based digital signal processing and correction

Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2019;

[17] Saxena S, Hawari AI. Digital pulse deconvolution with adaptive shaping for

Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. Elsevier; 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2018.09.123

[18] Hammad ME, Kasban H, Fikry RM, Dessoky MI, Zahran O, Elaraby SM, et al. Pile-up correction algorithm for

spectroscopy. Applied Radiation and

[25] Braga LH, Gasparini L, Stoppa D. A time of arrival estimator based on multiple timestamps for digital PET detectors. In: 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). California, USA: IEEE; 2012. pp. 1250-1252. DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551306

[26] Tetrault MA, Oliver JF, Bergeron M, Lecomte R, Fontaine R. Real time coincidence detection engine for high count rate timestamp based PET. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2010; **57**(1):117-124. DOI: 10.1109/ TNS.2009.2038055

[27] Xie Q, Kao CM, Wang X, Guo N, Zhu C, Frisch H, et al. Potential advantages of digitally sampling scintillation pulses in timing determination in PET. In: 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS'07). Vol. 6. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: IEEE; 2007. pp. 4271-4274. DOI: 10.1109/ NSSMIC.2007.4437060

[28] Pałka M, Strzempek P, Korcyl G, Bednarski T, Niedźwiecki S, Białas P, et al. Multichannel FPGA based MVT system for high precision time (20 ps RMS) and charge measurement. Journal of Instrumentation. 2017;**12**(08): P08001. DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/12/ 08/P08001

[29] Qaisar SM. A custom 70-channel mixed signal ASIC for the brain-PET detectors signal readout and selection. Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express. 2019;**5**(4):045018. Available from: https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 4268-3482

[30] Hanu AR, Prestwich WV, Byun SH. A data acquisition system for twodimensional position sensitive micropattern gas detectors with delayline readout. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2015;**780**: 33-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2015.01.053

[31] Rao KD, Tunga S. Signals and Systems. Switzerland: Birkhäuser; 2018. DOI: 10.1016/C2009-0-19375-3

[32] Mohsen E. Reducing system power and cost with Artix-7 FPGAs. Xilinx, Artix. 2012;**7**:1-12

[33] Wang Y, Li P, Zhang P, Zhang C, Cong J. Memory partitioning for multidimensional arrays in high-level synthesis. In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference. New York, USA; 2013. pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.1145/2463209.2488748

[34] Agrawal T, Kumar A, Saraswat SK. Design of low power SRAM on Artix-7 FPGA. In: 2016 2nd International Conference on Communication Control and Intelligent Systems (CCIS). India: IEEE; 2016. pp. 203-209. DOI: 10.1109/ CCIntelS.2016.7878231

[35] Li H, Wang C, Baghaei H, Zhang Y, Ramirez R, Liu S, et al. A new statisticsbased online baseline restorer for a high count-rate fully digital system. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2010; **57**(2):550-555. DOI: 10.1109/ TNS.2009.2036914
