**3. Screening the concept selecting process of Plow's moldboard model for design engineering and manufacturing**

As noted in the introduction, current temps of manufacturing require development and implementation of innovative design technologies such as industrial design. The key role in this are played design engineers, because that solution of issues such energy and resource saving, increase functionality and productivity, as well as manufacturability largely depend on the technical means developed by them [3]. Studies show that use of industrial design as a powerful weapon of design engineers can give significant results in development of technical means according to various criteria, which is an applied aspect of geometric modeling [4, 18–20]. The application industrial design in this process requires the identification of tasks, the solutions of which are associated with its basis, that is, with geometric modeling [2].

The result of application industrial design in development of technical objects is their "design-project" [2, 3]. Design-project as a method of non-experimental design allows to develop technical objects with the least amount of time, labor, and money which spend in this process [18]. Therefore, the purpose of this design-

#### *Application the Geometric Modeling Methods and Systems in Design Engineering… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89974*

project is application of research results on geometric modeling of plow's moldboard and its surface, for their further adaptation into manufacturing. Therefore, one of final results of research is the development of design-project of plug's moldboard, prepared on the basis of developed geometric models, algorithms, and methods by non-traditional design. It can highlight the following stages of design-project:


As an example, let us take a look at the design-project of plow's moldboard. At it is known, plows used in agricultural production have different design models of their moldboards according to their purpose. Each design models has its own advantage, the isomorphic application of which in another design can lead to some loss of perfection of this design. In such cases, it is possible to combine the advantages of considered models, according to various evaluation criteria, into one new design, with the necessary changes, on one of basis methods of industrial design–"*Concept selection*" [2, 20].

Moldboards have a complicated technical form, centuries-old changes to improve their designs and have a universal geometric model. These factors allow the application industrial design in the development of moldboard by geometric characteristics that affect to their technical/technological characteristics. Let us consider directions of plow's moldboard improvement.

Classic plows, having a one side turnover moldboard with cylindroidal working surface, have common use in agricultural production. Therefore, they will be considered as basic model, as it is chosen by experts as basis for development of other moldboards' design. They have good crumbling and turning indices, but these advantages are opposed to their shortcomings, which led to three improvement direction. Firstly, low manufacturability of such cases with non-sweep working surface led to development geometrically combined working surfaces [10]. Secondly, use of one side turning moldboard will lead to formation of furrows and ridges, that is, roughness of plow, which led to development vertical reversible plow. They differ in higher productivity and quality of performed works which are not demanding additional presuming agro technical actions after their using. But presence of double (right and left turning) moldboard makes construction more expensive, more metal quantity, and with greater traction resistance, which is its drawbacks, in contrast to its advantages [10]. This led to improvement in the third direction, that is, to development horizontal turn plows. There has development of technological scheme of plow with opportunities working in two right and left side, but with cylindrical working surface, which does not provide a satisfactory layer turnover [14, 21]. This analysis shows that the main reason for improvement and crossing point of advantages and disadvantages of considered designs is geometry of moldboard's working surface.

The plane of curve is vertical and at an angle *γ<sup>0</sup>* to the axis *OX*, as to the wall of the furrow. The horizontal projection of curve defines as a segment, equal to the length of *L*. Aligning the curve plane with horizontal plane, gives natural dimensions of curve in the plan. For easy control of curve, it can be set even by two Bezier curves. In this case, the tangent to the intermediate point *P4*, is tangential simultaneously to the two Bezier curves *Р1Р2Р3Р<sup>4</sup>* and *Р4Р5Р6Р<sup>7</sup>* (**Figure 9a**). Determine the position of points *P1, P4,* and *P7* on the horizontal projection. Determine the frontal projections of these points by *interactive incidence* at surface formatives' heights *h0, hi,* and *hmax*. To determine the frontal projection, use the possibility of the system "*belonging to the point of the curve in multiple agreement*". In this case, this alignment can be set on a horizontal projection or on a projection in the plan. Next, the

*Bezier curve by forward given conditions (a) and determining it's projections by multiple agreement points (b).*

**3. Screening the concept selecting process of Plow's moldboard model**

ment and implementation of innovative design technologies such as industrial design. The key role in this are played design engineers, because that solution of issues such energy and resource saving, increase functionality and productivity, as well as manufacturability largely depend on the technical means developed by them [3]. Studies show that use of industrial design as a powerful weapon of design engineers can give significant results in development of technical means according to various criteria, which is an applied aspect of geometric modeling [4, 18–20]. The application industrial design in this process requires the identification of tasks, the solutions of which are associated with its basis, that is, with geometric modeling [2]. The result of application industrial design in development of technical objects is

their "design-project" [2, 3]. Design-project as a method of non-experimental design allows to develop technical objects with the least amount of time, labor, and money which spend in this process [18]. Therefore, the purpose of this design-

As noted in the introduction, current temps of manufacturing require develop-

projection links determine the frontal projection (**Figure 9b**).

**for design engineering and manufacturing**

**Figure 9.**

*Design and Manufacturing*

**220**

Based on of existing plows' design models and their research on improvement show that opportunity of creating design model consisting from combination of two or more design models is not used enough, and such design model combines their advantages and eliminates their disadvantages gives a solution to this problem. Among many works devoted to this problem, as an example, we can consider works relating to plow's design model [14], to technical complexity surfaces [15] or improvement parts of moldboard [11, 12]. Development was conduct on the main types of plow's moldboard design models, which takes into account several basic criteria for choice design model by geometric characteristics of moldboards, according to requirements of manufacturers and consumers [4, 9–12, 14] (**Table 4**). Among the evaluation criterions of plow, depending on its geometric parameters, it is possible to note metal quantity of construction, manufacturability of moldboard, as well as functional working quality [10]. But to combine all these quality characteristics together is problematic, because design model of moldboard has complexity geometric parameters. Production design is application of geometric modeling, and this problem can be resolve by geometric modeling.

Evaluation of criterions produced on relative to basic design model "*A*" (**Table 5**). Geometric characteristics are evaluated by their advantages (+) and disadvantages (). The characteristics of design models that are clearly not distinguished by experts as advantages or disadvantages are conditionally evaluated neutrally (0), for reasons that they do not particularly affect to choice the design model.

Material quantity and complexity of design model "*A*" has advantages, but it does not provide smooth plowing and its cylindroidal surface is low technologically for manufacturing. The functionality of this design model is also low, as it is developed for individual agricultural conditions. Therefore, its shortcomings have led to the development of new designs aimed at their elimination. Geometrically combined working surface design model "B" of experimental moldboard allows good control of layer trajectory and quality of processing. Other qualities of design model "*B*" are approximately the same with design model "*A*." They are not widely used, because their working surface has geometric complexity for giving by manufacturers. Design model "*C*" of vertical revolving plow's moldboard is the same as design model "*A*.". Its advantages and disadvantages are associated with design of itself. Therefore, they are widely used. Design model "*D*" of horizontal turn plow's

9 Amount of advantages "+" 4 1 2 22 10 Summarized amount 1 2 1 1 0 11 Rating placement 1 4 3 1 2

 Influence to trajectory of layer 0 + 0 0 0 **B** Influence to material quantity of plow + + 0 + **BE** Influence to operation quality of plowing 0 + 0 0 0 **B** Influence to smoothness of plow + + + **CDF** Influence to functionality of plow + + **EF** 6 Influence to manufacturability of moldboard + 00 **D** 7 Influence to complexity of moldboard design + + 0 0 0 **B** Amount of disadvantages "" Basic 3 3 3 1 2 Proposed

*Application the Geometric Modeling Methods and Systems in Design Engineering…*

**Design models of moldboards A B C D E F G1–G3**

**No. Influence geometry of moldboards to technical and technological characteristics**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89974*

*Evaluation the moldboards' criterions by geometric characteristics.*

moldboard provides smooth plowing, its cylindrical surface is simply for manufacturing. However, its surface worse controls layer trajectory and poorly turnover it. Information about their use in conditions of Uzbekistan is not available. Design model "*E*" of moldboard, although not widely used, its main advantage is multifunctionality, as replacement of its wings allows us to adopt it to different agricultural conditions. However, it is intended for one side operation. Design model "*F*" of horizontal turn plow's moldboard has advantages such as multifunctionality and double-acting possibility, but it is very complexity and material

opment, it reduces above-mentioned design costs.

Visualization of qualitative assessment and analysis of characteristics in this way allows us to choose direction of design modeling on advantages, by combination of design models. However, although the development of a model based on the principle of "*Concept selection*" is initial stage of design and is subject to further devel-

Next stage of development will be produce by design models that took 1–3 places on the rating of evaluation criteria. Variants of proposed design models "*G1*", "*G2*", "*G3*" of moldboards (**Table 6**), taking into account advantages of considered design models, have geometrically combined working surface, they consist separate parts and they have double-acting opportunity. On base of improved models analyzing and in results of studies, finally we can offer new geometric modeling direction (proposed direction "*G*") for improving models (**Figure 10**).

quantity [22].

**223**

**Table 5.**

**Table 4.**

*Visual analyzing the designs of reviewed moldboard's models.*


*Application the Geometric Modeling Methods and Systems in Design Engineering… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89974*

#### **Table 5.**

Based on of existing plows' design models and their research on improvement show that opportunity of creating design model consisting from combination of two or more design models is not used enough, and such design model combines their advantages and eliminates their disadvantages gives a solution to this problem. Among many works devoted to this problem, as an example, we can consider works relating to plow's design model [14], to technical complexity surfaces [15] or improvement parts of moldboard [11, 12]. Development was conduct on the main types of plow's moldboard design models, which takes into account several basic criteria for choice design model by geometric characteristics of moldboards, according to requirements of manufacturers and consumers [4, 9–12, 14] (**Table 4**). Among the evaluation criterions of plow, depending on its geometric parameters, it is possible to note metal quantity of construction, manufacturability of moldboard, as well as functional working quality [10]. But to combine all these quality characteristics together is problematic, because design model of moldboard has complexity geometric parameters. Production design is application of geometric

modeling, and this problem can be resolve by geometric modeling.

*Design and Manufacturing*

**Basic design model "A" Revised design model "D"**

**Revised design model "B" Revised design model "E"** *Plow for one side turning.* Moldboard type experimental body. Working surface geometrical combined. *Plowshare (1), Moldboard (2).*

**Revised design model "C" Revised design model "F"** *For vertical revolving plow.* Moldboard type doubled right and left turn body. Working surface—cylindroidal. *Plowshare (1), Moldboard (2).*

*Visual analyzing the designs of reviewed moldboard's models.*

**Table 4.**

**222**

*For one side turning plow.* Moldboard type classic body. Working surface—cylindroidal. *Plowshare (1), Moldboard (2).*

Evaluation of criterions produced on relative to basic design model "*A*" (**Table 5**). Geometric characteristics are evaluated by their advantages (+) and disadvantages (). The characteristics of design models that are clearly not distinguished by experts as advantages or disadvantages are conditionally evaluated neutrally (0), for reasons that they do not particularly affect to choice the design model.

> *For horizontal turn plow.* Moldboard type—double action body. Working surface–cylindrical. *Plowshare (1), Moldboard (2).*

> *Plow for one side turning.* Moldboard type—partial body. Working surface geometrical combined. *Plowshare (1), breast (2), wing(3).*

*For horizontal turn plow.* Moldboard type—partial body. Working surface geometrical combined. *Plowshare (1), breast (2), right (3) and left*

*(4) wings.*

*Evaluation the moldboards' criterions by geometric characteristics.*

Material quantity and complexity of design model "*A*" has advantages, but it does not provide smooth plowing and its cylindroidal surface is low technologically for manufacturing. The functionality of this design model is also low, as it is developed for individual agricultural conditions. Therefore, its shortcomings have led to the development of new designs aimed at their elimination. Geometrically combined working surface design model "B" of experimental moldboard allows good control of layer trajectory and quality of processing. Other qualities of design model "*B*" are approximately the same with design model "*A*." They are not widely used, because their working surface has geometric complexity for giving by manufacturers. Design model "*C*" of vertical revolving plow's moldboard is the same as design model "*A*.". Its advantages and disadvantages are associated with design of itself. Therefore, they are widely used. Design model "*D*" of horizontal turn plow's moldboard provides smooth plowing, its cylindrical surface is simply for manufacturing. However, its surface worse controls layer trajectory and poorly turnover it. Information about their use in conditions of Uzbekistan is not available. Design model "*E*" of moldboard, although not widely used, its main advantage is multifunctionality, as replacement of its wings allows us to adopt it to different agricultural conditions. However, it is intended for one side operation. Design model "*F*" of horizontal turn plow's moldboard has advantages such as multifunctionality and double-acting possibility, but it is very complexity and material quantity [22].

Visualization of qualitative assessment and analysis of characteristics in this way allows us to choose direction of design modeling on advantages, by combination of design models. However, although the development of a model based on the principle of "*Concept selection*" is initial stage of design and is subject to further development, it reduces above-mentioned design costs.

Next stage of development will be produce by design models that took 1–3 places on the rating of evaluation criteria. Variants of proposed design models "*G1*", "*G2*", "*G3*" of moldboards (**Table 6**), taking into account advantages of considered design models, have geometrically combined working surface, they consist separate parts and they have double-acting opportunity. On base of improved models analyzing and in results of studies, finally we can offer new geometric modeling direction (proposed direction "*G*") for improving models (**Figure 10**).

systems. The product's geometric data is used not only in the company where it is produced, but also at all stages of product lifecycle from designing to manufacturing and post-manufacturing. Therefore creating the geometric database, which consist from the using different forms of geometric data (**Figure 11**), is very

*Application the Geometric Modeling Methods and Systems in Design Engineering…*

Product lifecycle includes period from origin necessity for creating the product up to its liquidations in consequence exhaustion of consumer characteristic. Primary stages of product lifecycle are selecting four main stages: designing,

Though lifecycles of old and new product always formed unceasing cycle, because of not bright images, traditional lifecycles of each product were considered separately; whose initial stage is a designing but final salvaging. However, author founding on his conducting researches, offers to consider that beginning of PLM from creation an instrument from stone, bones, and wood by primitive man. Today someone cannot reject that base of modern industrial robot is an instruments of the stone age, so the end of "old" product is a beginning of "new" product. The present production conditions, in which production design steel is playing one of solving roles, relationship between "old" and "new" products in their lifecycle become reveals itself all more brighter. Coming from author offers separate stage of the designing on two: conceptual and engineering design. The conceptual design stage is based on the geometric modeling and it is closing stage of the product lifecycle having causal relationship between "post-manufacturing" (maintenance-utilizing) and "designing" stages. In current manufacturing conditions, geometric modeling has become the primary method and facility of the designing. At this stage, the product will designed on base of the relationships between exhaustion of consumer properties of an old product and necessity to creation a new (innovative) product. The need for geometric data is at all stages of the life cycle of the product, especially at the initial stage, at the stage of "conceptual design". The Geometric Database created at this stage is directly or indirectly applied and at the subsequent stages of the product lifecycle, by integration CAD and PDM systems. It is necessary to note requirement to create "new product" basically it is formed in maintenance step of "old" product. Because at this stage, it is not only the Geometric data of "old" product in maintenance but also arises Geometric Data of "new" product in

For example, let us consider the creation of Geometric Database in agriculture engineering tools manufacturing, which are necessary for enterprises participating in their products lifecycle [19, 23–26]. Creating this Database requires review, classification, and analysis of relevant information about agricultural machinery tools from geometric standpoint. This will enable us to identify the general and individual geometric features of these tools which will assists all participants in the lifecycle of data management in this process (**Figure 12**). The author is currently conducting research on the development of theoretical foundations and practical aspects of geometric modeling of agricultural machinery tools. Based on the results of the research models, algorithms and methods of designing these tools with

moldboard surface by geometric modeling have been developed.

important in product lifecycle.

**Figure 11.**

designing.

**225**

manufacturing, technical exploiting, and utilizing.

*Types and levels of geometric data information for design engineering.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89974*

#### **Table 6.**

*Description the design of proposed moldboard's models.*

**Figure 10.**

*Improving and proposing the moldboard designing directions.*
