**2. Developing the Bulldozer's moldboard by geometric modeling method for design engineering**

#### **2.1 Designing directions of mold board's working surface**

Considering decision of above-mentioned problem on example of moldboard type tools give clarity on this problem. Moldboards, as main working body of bulldozers, graders, and other special equipment, are designed to perform preparatory work in agriculture and melioration, ground works in road building and engineering preparation of territories, as well as other works, for example, in municipal service. Classic moldboard has frontally positioned cylindrical working surface, on which the earth or other mass must move, formed as a "dragging prism" in the required direction and quantity [9, 10]. To expand functionality of moldboards, there are have developments in various design options, with a changing position of the working surface or using other working surface (**Table 1**). But, these developments' directions aimed to expand functionality of moldboards, to perform definite works [9, 11]. The decision of these problems is straight connected with geometric modeling which is based on modern problems of industrial design [2–4]. The result of using industrial design at development of moldboard type tools on base of constructive geometric modeling is a "design-project" of moldboard, which possibly produce three working surface types design. Design-project is geometric model of developing object which has only geometric parameters, but these parameters are given on base of forward given conditions of technical/technological parameters and have close connections with them. We shall consider the design-project of

**No.**

**213**

1 2 3 **Table 1.** *Types of bulldozer* 

*moldboards'*

*construction*

 *and their surface.*

Conical (USA)

 6

Planar (France)

Conidial (Finland)

 5

Cylindroidal

 (Sweden)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89974*

*Application the Geometric Modeling Methods and Systems in Design Engineering…*

**Moldboards'**

**construction**

**Surface type**

Cylindrical

 (Poland)

 4

 **No.**

**Moldboards'**

**construction**

**Surface type** Combined (Czech) *Application the Geometric Modeling Methods and Systems in Design Engineering… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89974*

 *surface.*

possibilities of agricultural machines is one of the main ways for design engineering and manufacturing of modern agricultural machines, which can be realize by design engineers. Particularly, it actually in modern agricultural production, which based on precision agriculture technologies, where using such machines must provide: reduction of cost, conservation of ground fertility, saving energy-resources,

improvement labor conditions, and increase machines capacity. One of the efficient ways to decide these problems is using geometric modeling in design engineering of agriculture machines' tools. Geometric modeling, as one of varieties synthetic methods' of designing, is a theoretical base for production design and CAD technologies, which widely use in design engineering and manufacturing [2–4].

The development of agricultural tools mankind has been engaged for centuries. In 1830, the Italian abbes Lambruschini and Ridolfi were prompted by the helical surface (helix) to plow's moldboard. In the late nineteenth century, Russian academician V.P. Goryachkin laid the foundation of the science "Agricultural Mechanics". Since then, many scientists from America, Europe, and other countries have developed various methods of research and modeling in the mechanization of agriculture. These methods mainly solve problems by analytical and experimental methods, although synthetic methods have a number of advantages in solving some problems. The reason that synthetic methods, as geometric modeling, until recently used rarely, was the advantage of the use of information technology in analytical methods. However, the widespread use of information technology in synthetic methods since the end of the twentieth century, their capabilities have become much more effective. The advantage of geometric modeling is its simplicity and clarity. It as a basis of synthetic methods of development of technical objects has innovative character that modern production demands increase in a variety of production, reduction of terms of their development, and also automatization of

**2. Developing the Bulldozer's moldboard by geometric modeling**

Considering decision of above-mentioned problem on example of moldboard type tools give clarity on this problem. Moldboards, as main working body of bulldozers, graders, and other special equipment, are designed to perform preparatory work in agriculture and melioration, ground works in road building and engineering preparation of territories, as well as other works, for example, in municipal service. Classic moldboard has frontally positioned cylindrical working surface, on which the earth or other mass must move, formed as a "dragging prism" in the required direction and quantity [9, 10]. To expand functionality of moldboards, there are have developments in various design options, with a changing position of the working surface or using other working surface (**Table 1**). But, these developments' directions aimed to expand functionality of moldboards, to perform definite works [9, 11]. The decision of these problems is straight connected with geometric modeling which is based on modern problems of industrial design [2–4]. The result of using industrial design at development of moldboard type tools on base of constructive geometric modeling is a "design-project" of moldboard, which possibly produce three working surface types design. Design-project is geometric model of developing object which has only geometric parameters, but these parameters are given on base of forward given conditions of technical/technological parameters and have close connections with them. We shall consider the design-project of

**2.1 Designing directions of mold board's working surface**

these processes [5–8].

*Design and Manufacturing*

**212**

**method for design engineering**

### *Design and Manufacturing*

moldboard's working surface consisting of section. For base of the models, we take multi-function surface consisting linear surfaces, which are broadly used for designing moldboards (**Table 2**). Design-project of mold board's working surface by constructive geometric model applicable for work execution of characteristics: technical, technological, and economical factors of designed technology, allows more flexible control its functional possibility, solving constructive problems [2, 12, 13]. The analysis of existing moldboard design and studies upon their improvement shows that creation new design increasing their functional possibilities, way of constructive geometric modeling, have a broad prospect [9, 11, 12, 14, 15]. With standpoint of the constructive geometry design of moldboard's working surfaces will possible divide into three types: (1) construction consisting traditional (one-piece) surface design (**Figure 1**); (2) construction consisting sectional (parts) surface design (**Figure 2**); and (3) construction consisting elemental (plates) surface design (**Figure 3**). Herewith possible sweeps away prospects of primary using these design on example: (1) traditional surface design for producing polymeric moldboards; (2) sectional surface design for expansion of functional possibilities and increasing manufacturability of moldboards' producing; and (3) elemental surface design for best managing manufacture, functional, working, and other quality moldboards. Development of moldboard's working surface, applicable to execution of different works, increases their operational,


economic, and technological performance. Therefore, the design-project of a

of moldboard and solve above-described design problem [2, 12, 13].

*left guiding frames, 4-right and 5-left formative plates (\**

**2.2 Geometric modeling of transformable moldboard's surface**

sides of the symmetry plane *P*, respectively, *P1,P2, … ,Pn* and *P1*

symmetry *P*, respectively, denote *α1,α2,...αn*. Each pair of curves *m1,m<sup>1</sup>*

surfaces *Φ<sup>a</sup>* and *Φ<sup>b</sup>* (**Figure 4a**). Therefore, when the pairs of *Pi* and *Pi*

<sup>0</sup> planes, as well as their *m<sup>i</sup>* and *m<sup>i</sup>*

, formed, respectively, by pairs of planes *P1,P<sup>1</sup>*

*m2, … ,mn* and *m1*

*; … mn,mn*

angle *αi*, *Pi*, and *Pi*

*m2* 0

**215**

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 3.**

0 *,m2* 0 *, … ,mn* 0

0

constructive geometric model of the moldboard's working surfaces, although there are designs of such equipment, allows more flexibility manage the functional capabilities

*Elemental (plates) construction of plow (a) and bulldozer\* (b) moldboard's surface: 1-right, 2-middle and 3-*

*construction offered by author).*

*Sectional (parts) construction of plow (a) and bulldozer (b) moldboard's surface: "1-wing" and "2-breast" of*

*plow's body; "2-frontal" and "3-side" sections of spherical moldboard of bulldozer.*

*Application the Geometric Modeling Methods and Systems in Design Engineering…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89974*

Linear surfaces are main use type of in moldboards' working surface. Lines *l* are formatives of cylindrical working surface *Φ*, and all of them are parallel to each other. In considering task they have horizontally position. Working surface *Φ* is formed by directory curve *m*. Type of this curve is planar and it can be given by plane *P*. For frontal moldboard, the plane *P* is located perpendicular to formative lines in the middle of them. This plane intersects the working surface *Φ*, and divides it into two equal *Φ<sup>a</sup>* and *Φ<sup>b</sup>* parts, simultaneously being the symmetry plane of these working surfaces. Let us choose the straight line *k* on the symmetry plane, through which we can carry out the beam of planes. These planes intersect with the *Φ<sup>a</sup>* and *Φ<sup>b</sup>* working surfaces to form intersection curves. Let us define these planes on both

as the intersection lines on the working surfaces *Φ<sup>a</sup>* and *Φb*, respectively, curves *m1,*

symmetrical, where *k* is the axis of mirror reflection of pairs of curves on working

rotate together with *Φ<sup>a</sup>* and *Φ<sup>b</sup>* surfaces around the *k*-axis by the corresponding

0 *,P2* 0 *, … ,Pn* 0 , as well

0 *;P2,P<sup>2</sup>* 0 0 *; m2,*

<sup>0</sup> curves are match and form a

*; … Pn,P<sup>n</sup>*

<sup>0</sup> planes

0 , are

. In this case, the angles between planes and plane of

#### **Table 2.**

*Geometry of moldboard's surface and their using in machines.*

*Application the Geometric Modeling Methods and Systems in Design Engineering… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89974*

#### **Figure 2.**

moldboard's working surface consisting of section. For base of the models, we take multi-function surface consisting linear surfaces, which are broadly used for designing moldboards (**Table 2**). Design-project of mold board's working surface by constructive geometric model applicable for work execution of characteristics: technical, technological, and economical factors of designed technology, allows more flexible control its functional possibility, solving constructive problems [2, 12, 13]. The analysis of existing moldboard design and studies upon their improvement shows that creation new design increasing their functional possibilities, way of constructive geometric modeling, have a broad prospect [9, 11, 12, 14, 15]. With standpoint of the constructive geometry design of moldboard's working surfaces will possible divide into three types: (1) construction consisting traditional (one-piece) surface design (**Figure 1**); (2) construction consisting sectional (parts) surface design (**Figure 2**); and (3) construction consisting elemental (plates) surface design (**Figure 3**). Herewith possible sweeps away prospects of primary using these design on example: (1) traditional surface design for producing polymeric moldboards; (2) sectional surface design for expansion of functional possibilities and increasing manufacturability of moldboards' producing; and (3) elemental surface design for best managing manufacture, functional, working, and other quality moldboards. Development of moldboard's working surface, applicable to execution of different works, increases their operational,

**No. Geometry of moldboard's surface Using in machines**

**Table 2.**

*Design and Manufacturing*

**Figure 1.**

**214**

*Geometry of moldboard's surface and their using in machines.*

*Traditional (one piece) construction of plow (a) and bulldozer (b) moldboard's surface.*

 Frontal planar surface Channel defogger's moldboard Inclined planar surface Bush cutting bulldozer's moldboard Frontal cylindrical surface Frontal bulldozer's moldboard Inclined cylindrical surface Bucket scraper's moldboard Frontal conical surface Grader's moldboard Inclined conical surface Frontal plow's moldboard Cylindroidal surface Universal plow's moldboard Conidial surface High-speed plow's moldboard Hyperbolic-parabolic surface Hyperbolic body plow's moldboard Helicoid surface Helicoids body plow's moldboard Torso surface Cultural plow's moldboard Combined surface Combined body plow's moldboard

*Sectional (parts) construction of plow (a) and bulldozer (b) moldboard's surface: "1-wing" and "2-breast" of plow's body; "2-frontal" and "3-side" sections of spherical moldboard of bulldozer.*

**Figure 3.**

*Elemental (plates) construction of plow (a) and bulldozer\* (b) moldboard's surface: 1-right, 2-middle and 3 left guiding frames, 4-right and 5-left formative plates (\* construction offered by author).*

economic, and technological performance. Therefore, the design-project of a constructive geometric model of the moldboard's working surfaces, although there are designs of such equipment, allows more flexibility manage the functional capabilities of moldboard and solve above-described design problem [2, 12, 13].
