**5.7 Liver**

3D bioprinting approaches have been utilized in creating a liver disease model and liver tissue. Hepatotoxicity study of any drug introduced in the market is essential in any preclinical drug development. The establishment of in vitro liver models includes the incorporation of primary hepatocytes, hepatic cell lines, and stem cell-derived hepatic cells [99–101]. Kang et al. created a five-layer 3D hepatic structure using alginate and mouse induced hepatocyte-like cells that express albumin, ASGR1, and HNF4a [102]. Biomimetic liver tissue builds by Ma et al. showed better liver-specific function and drug metabolism potential compared to 2D monolayer culture [103].

The application of 3D bioprinting technology in the development of in vitro tissue or organoid models for drug discovery has fruitfully shown a better model in mitigating the risk associated with drug development. A 3D environment provides a

#### *Design and Manufacturing*

better representation of an in vivo model in addition to reducing or eliminating the use of animal model early in the drug development process. All in all, the reliable prediction of safety and efficacy means a significant reduction of time and financial investment of a particular drug in question.
