Preface

The subject matter of this book ranges from new control design methods to control theory applications in electrical and mechanical engineering and computers. The book covers certain aspects of control theory, including new methodologies, techniques, and applications. It promotes control theory in practical applications of these engineering domains and shows the way to disseminate researchers' contributions in the field. This project presents applications that improve the properties and performance of control systems in analysis and design using a higher technical level of scientific attainment.

Researchers in control engineering develop new concepts and tools that enhance human understanding and improve engineers' abilities to design and implement high-performance control systems. Applications that emphasize methodologies used with implementation and commissioning issues are presented. The authors have included worked examples and case studies resulting from their research in the field.

Readers will benefit from new solutions and answers to questions related to the emerging realm of control theory in engineering applications and its implementation.

The book has 11 sections covering the following domains: cyber physical systems, stability analysis, optimal control, sliding mode control, electric drives, roll-to-roll systems, agent-based control systems, power electronics, field-programmable gate arrays, Raspberry Pi applications, modeling, and simulation. The book presents in 16 chapters cases that illustrate research in the above domains.

Cyber physical systems have mechanisms controlled by computer-based algorithms, where physical and software components are deeply involved, operating on a large scale. Examples are smart grid, autonomous vehicles, medical monitoring, automatic pilot avionics, and others. The first chapter presents an application of the identification level and attack reconstruction of cyber physical systems with corrupted states and measurements, using a sliding mode observer approach, with an example of simulation on an electric power network.

System stability is one of the most important performance specifications of a control system. Process stability refers to the consistency of process behavior over time. The control system is internally stable subjected to undesirable disturbance. The second chapter proposes several Nyquist-like stability criteria for linear dynamical systems using fractional commensurate-order linear time-invariant state-space equations by means of the argument principle for complex analysis, including case studies.

Optimal control theory appeared as a branch of applied mathematics that studied control laws such that an objective function is optimized. One result in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear-quadratic regulator. The third chapter presents a comparative study on certain randomized and deterministic algorithms

for linear-quadratic regulators, with a demonstration of convergence in probability to a global optimum. A method used to solve optimization problems is the conjugate gradient method, which is a numerical iterative algorithm for the numerical solution of systems of linear equations. The fourth chapter presents a computation approach, based on conjugate gradient, for solving a class of discrete time optimal control problems with model reality differences. Sliding mode control is a nonlinear control method using a state feedback control that forces the system to slide along a cross-section of its behavior. A discussion of this method in discrete time is presented in the fifth chapter.

The last two chapters present modeling and simulations of control structures in

The editors thank the authors for their excellent contributions in the field and understanding during the process of editing. Also, the editors thank all the editorial

The publishing of this book was guided by a set of editorial standards, which ensured the quality of the scientific level and relevance of accepted chapters.

**Constantin Volosencu**

Romania

**Ali Saghafinia**

Majlesi, Iran

**Xian Du**

USA

India

Politehnica University of Timisoara,

Electrical Engineering Department, Majlesi Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,

University of Massachusetts,

**Sohom Chakrabarty**

discrete time and a DC drive integrated through a demultiplexer.

personnel involved in book publication.

**VII**

The control of the electric drives is the main application of control theory in engineering, where the electric motor is the main actuator used in practice. The sixth chapter describes an adaptive sliding mode control for a switched reluctance motor. The main objective in this study is to minimize torque ripples with controller effort smoothness while the system is under perturbation by structured uncertainties, unknown parameters, and external disturbances using Lyapunov stability theory. The seventh and eighth chapters are other examples of the control of electric drives: the first is a synchronous machine non-linear control system based on feedback linearization and deterministic observers, and the second is a non-linear dynamic system of asynchronous electric drives.

Roll-to-roll processing is the process of creating electronic devices on a roll of flexible plastic or metal foil, or in general it can refer to any process when the rolls of a material are coated, laminated, or printed to a finished size on a slitter rewinder. The ninth chapter analyzes a number of control algorithms such as H∞ and neural networks, with applications in web tension and speed control.

An agent-based control system as a tool for industry through the directed communication graph approach is explained in the ninth chapter. The tenth chapter presents an application of fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative control in the framework of more complex agent-based control systems.

In the field of power electronics, the desired converters need to be small, have high power density, good efficiency, good responsiveness, and good robustness. The effectiveness of the power balance mode control is confirmed using a circuit simulator in the eleventh chapter. The twelfth chapter presents a new theoretical approach for a novel static Var compensator system using fractional order calculus through a fractional order Lyapunov theorem. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified using numerical simulations.

Field programmable gate arrays are integrated circuits designed to be configured by a customer using a hardware description language. Many of these circuits can be reprogrammed to implement different logic functions, allowing flexible reconfigurable computing as performed in computer software.

The thirteenth chapter presents a study on a field programmable gate array's realization-based finite impulse response filter. Raspberry Pi is a series of small single board computer developed to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools. It became very popular for different applications such as robotics. The fourteenth chapter explains the development processes of a prototype autonomous toy car, based on this technology.

The last two chapters present modeling and simulations of control structures in discrete time and a DC drive integrated through a demultiplexer.

The editors thank the authors for their excellent contributions in the field and understanding during the process of editing. Also, the editors thank all the editorial personnel involved in book publication.

The publishing of this book was guided by a set of editorial standards, which ensured the quality of the scientific level and relevance of accepted chapters.

> **Constantin Volosencu** Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania

**Ali Saghafinia** Electrical Engineering Department, Majlesi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Majlesi, Iran

> **Xian Du** University of Massachusetts, USA

**Sohom Chakrabarty** Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India

for linear-quadratic regulators, with a demonstration of convergence in probability to a global optimum. A method used to solve optimization problems is the conjugate gradient method, which is a numerical iterative algorithm for the numerical solution of systems of linear equations. The fourth chapter presents a computation approach, based on conjugate gradient, for solving a class of discrete time optimal control problems with model reality differences. Sliding mode control is a nonlinear control method using a state feedback control that forces the system to slide along a cross-section of its behavior. A discussion of this method in discrete time is

The control of the electric drives is the main application of control theory in engineering, where the electric motor is the main actuator used in practice. The sixth chapter describes an adaptive sliding mode control for a switched reluctance motor. The main objective in this study is to minimize torque ripples with controller effort smoothness while the system is under perturbation by structured uncertainties, unknown parameters, and external disturbances using Lyapunov stability theory. The seventh and eighth chapters are other examples of the control of electric drives: the first is a synchronous machine non-linear control system based on feedback linearization and deterministic observers, and the second is a non-linear

Roll-to-roll processing is the process of creating electronic devices on a roll of flexible plastic or metal foil, or in general it can refer to any process when the rolls

of a material are coated, laminated, or printed to a finished size on a slitter rewinder. The ninth chapter analyzes a number of control algorithms such as H∞

and neural networks, with applications in web tension and speed control.

framework of more complex agent-based control systems.

control scheme is verified using numerical simulations.

toy car, based on this technology.

**VI**

An agent-based control system as a tool for industry through the directed communication graph approach is explained in the ninth chapter. The tenth chapter presents an application of fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative control in the

In the field of power electronics, the desired converters need to be small, have high power density, good efficiency, good responsiveness, and good robustness. The effectiveness of the power balance mode control is confirmed using a circuit simulator in the eleventh chapter. The twelfth chapter presents a new theoretical approach for a novel static Var compensator system using fractional order calculus through a fractional order Lyapunov theorem. The effectiveness of the proposed

Field programmable gate arrays are integrated circuits designed to be configured by a customer using a hardware description language. Many of these circuits can be

reprogrammed to implement different logic functions, allowing flexible

The thirteenth chapter presents a study on a field programmable gate array's realization-based finite impulse response filter. Raspberry Pi is a series of small single board computer developed to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools. It became very popular for different applications such as robotics. The fourteenth chapter explains the development processes of a prototype autonomous

reconfigurable computing as performed in computer software.

presented in the fifth chapter.

dynamic system of asynchronous electric drives.

Section 1

Cyber-Physical Systems

**1**

Section 1
