**1.2 The demultiplexer**

In digital circuits, the demultiplexer represents one to many, which is one internal input to multiple outputs. By applying control signal the input is steered to the output. The 1–4 demultiplexer has 1 input bit, 2 control bit and 4 output pits (**Figure 3**). The data or information (D) bits is transferred or transmitted to the data bit of the output lines, depending on the value of the inputs AB, which are the control bits.

The DC motors are distinguished by their ability to operate from possible direct current and work on their motor principles. The DC motors are basically electromechanical energy conversion devices that are essentially a *mm* of transfer between an input side and an output side [10, 11]. The parts mostly necessary for electromechanical energy conversion are the direct current log, the induction log and the synchronous logs, these are used extensively for rigorously energy conversion purposes. When electric energy are supplied to the conductor, the interaction of current flowing in the conductor produces mechanical force and energy. The extended force is exerted upon the conductor and presented as flux which is associated with the mechanical motion. The input load is the electrical energy, while the output load is the mechanical energy [12, 13].

The DC motors consists of sets of coils in permanent magnets or stator, these are connected to the demultiplexer. The stator are mostly stationary outside while the motor are composed of windings connected to the external circuit through mechanical commutator. The value of mechanical force extracted upon the conductor can be expressed as:

*Force* ¼ *Dx x*ð Þ ∗ *L* where D is the density and L is the length of the conductor, X is the value of the current that could be flowing in the conductor.

The chapter mostly discussed the configurations of a DC motor machine (**Figure 5**) integrated with a demultiplexer to produce an engine starter system with induced variables of electromagnetic flux [14]. The value of the induced current flowing through the armature is dependent upon the difference between the applied voltage and the counter voltage. The current due to this counter voltage tends to oppose the very cause for its production according to the opposite resultant response to the demultiplexer [15–17]. During simulation of the entire system, the outputs were re-evaluated at process time. In the demultiplexer, when a process is

**Figure 3.** *The DC machine circuit.*

**1.1 Programmable processors**

*Control Theory in Engineering*

**Figure 1.**

**Figure 2.**

**350**

The most important digital circuit is the programmable processors (PP) (**Figure 2**). The figure shows a simple generic processor and an additional memory device, which can be observed as an array of storage location, identified by an integer index known as ROM and RAM address. Each location in the memory is stored in a fixed-length integer processors with 32–64 bits [6, 7]. For the PP, we are going to be making use of the WashU-2 software and VHDL Language. The memory in the processors is used to save and store two types of information which includes the instructions and data [8, 9]. An example of the instruction could be two or more numbers together or transfer of a value between the processors and

*Diagram indicating a simple programmable processor with a RAM and ROM.*

*The AND, OR and NOR gates, together with the flipflops. (a) The OR Gate with one output port. (b) rFlipFlop with two inputs and outputs. (c) The AND Gate with one output. (d) The NOR Gate with a single output.*

#### *Control Theory in Engineering*

being utilized as a definite combinational circuit from the point signals to the process are included in the list of induced signals used for the test procedure [18]. As such, a process is defined or serve as part of the combinational circuit, therefore any input signal in the process can be related to the sensitivity list for the entire system (**Figure 4**).

The Figure above (**Figure 4**) shows the schematic diagram of the DC motor, it has two different circuit port *Ia* and *If* [19]. The field current and the frame-work circuits. The inlet of the DC motor is in a form of electrical power while the outlet or output is mechanical with a power voltage. The field-curve is supplied from a separate voltage source in its equivalent circuit board representing the resistance and induced field twist. The current produced in the curve establishes the magnetic field necessary for the motor operation. In the frame-work or rotor circuit, the voltage speed applied across the motor terminals is the flow of current in the framework circuit and the resistance *Rr* of the frame-work circuit winding, is the total voltage induced in the armature or frame-work circuit. Applying the Kanel Voltage Length is the armature circuit gives the following equation:

$$V^T E^b + I\_a R\_a \tag{1}$$

For utility purposes, the DC motor serves as a form of integral with the demultiplexer, we needed to understand the characteristic curves, which involves the torque or speed curve and power curve or machine curve (**Figure 5**). The difference or similarity between the two is most significant in choosing a DC motor for the particular circuit integration. Therefore, the torque for the rotor is given as:

*Modeling and Simulation of a DC Drive Integrated through a Demultiplexer*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89068*

The graphs below (**Figure 7**) shows the difficulties during paramiterizing from a synchronised catalog data. The model is filtered based on the input data from the machine operating data to the resultant output form. And care is also taken when transferring data to model from the physical main unit. The results are cross checked in some of the characteristic operating points. The motor runs up with load, the friction are also considered and achieved a no load speed of 5144 rpm with a current of 0 ohms. When a friction of 0.0018 Nm applied, the current is adjusted to a catalog value of 600 for the DMF machine. The speed is increased to 100 for the starter machine and still maintain a high catalog value. This particular difference can be explained by tolerance in manufacturing and considered by increased catalog data. The exemplars is achieved and the no load speed is maintained. The practical test on the machine demonstrates how to use the rotor converters to implement a speed control for the DC motor. The speed for the freewheel controller's output is the set value for a subordinated torque control oriented field. The controllers uses or make use of an intern model for the motor and requires the starter machine's current as input. The DMF's output (**Figure 7**) is also necessary stator voltages in the constant rotating frame of the reference machine (**Figure 6**). Most of the output

The element DMF changes the reference frame into machine variables (ABC) and calculates switching ratios for a possible pulse width modulation. Furthermore the element worm-freeWheel maps the line currents into the *dm* reference frame. Note that for correct mapping scale has to be set to 2*=*3. The reference frame (worm-freeWheel) is the rotor system. In this example the switching ratios *DMF:sabc* are directly used by ideal-Unswitched-Inverter which converts the DC voltage into the necessary line voltages. The model demonstrates the use-case shortcircuit of the power supply. In this simulation there is a short circuit at time 1.5 s

are termed or came out as neutral or normalised.

*DC motor integration with the demultiplexer, the rotor machine and DMF speedvolt.*

**Figure 5.**

**353**

*Tddc* ¼ *KϕIa* (4)

where *V<sup>T</sup>* is the voltage applied to the frame-work or rotor terminals of the motor and *Ra* is the resistance of the rotor curve. The total induced current is typically represented by electrical power and the terminal voltage by the volts (V). Sometimes at end point, the motor speed is equivalent to null value. The rotor current at initial point is large enough to induce resistance flux in the magnetic field surrounding the rotor point. The power transfer equation is given as:

$$P\_d d\upsilon = K \Theta I\_d \tag{2}$$

and induced voltage is given as:

$$E\_{b2} = K \left( K\_f I\_{f1} \left( \frac{2 \pi N\_i}{60} \right) \right) \tag{3}$$

with operating speed *Ni* and field rotor current *If* 2.

**Figure 4.** *The DC machine circuit.*

*Modeling and Simulation of a DC Drive Integrated through a Demultiplexer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89068*

For utility purposes, the DC motor serves as a form of integral with the demultiplexer, we needed to understand the characteristic curves, which involves the torque or speed curve and power curve or machine curve (**Figure 5**). The difference or similarity between the two is most significant in choosing a DC motor for the particular circuit integration. Therefore, the torque for the rotor is given as:

$$T\_{ddc} = \mathcal{K}\phi I\_a \tag{4}$$

The graphs below (**Figure 7**) shows the difficulties during paramiterizing from a synchronised catalog data. The model is filtered based on the input data from the machine operating data to the resultant output form. And care is also taken when transferring data to model from the physical main unit. The results are cross checked in some of the characteristic operating points. The motor runs up with load, the friction are also considered and achieved a no load speed of 5144 rpm with a current of 0 ohms. When a friction of 0.0018 Nm applied, the current is adjusted to a catalog value of 600 for the DMF machine. The speed is increased to 100 for the starter machine and still maintain a high catalog value. This particular difference can be explained by tolerance in manufacturing and considered by increased catalog data. The exemplars is achieved and the no load speed is maintained. The practical test on the machine demonstrates how to use the rotor converters to implement a speed control for the DC motor. The speed for the freewheel controller's output is the set value for a subordinated torque control oriented field. The controllers uses or make use of an intern model for the motor and requires the starter machine's current as input. The DMF's output (**Figure 7**) is also necessary stator voltages in the constant rotating frame of the reference machine (**Figure 6**). Most of the output are termed or came out as neutral or normalised.

The element DMF changes the reference frame into machine variables (ABC) and calculates switching ratios for a possible pulse width modulation. Furthermore the element worm-freeWheel maps the line currents into the *dm* reference frame. Note that for correct mapping scale has to be set to 2*=*3. The reference frame (worm-freeWheel) is the rotor system. In this example the switching ratios *DMF:sabc* are directly used by ideal-Unswitched-Inverter which converts the DC voltage into the necessary line voltages. The model demonstrates the use-case shortcircuit of the power supply. In this simulation there is a short circuit at time 1.5 s

**Figure 5.** *DC motor integration with the demultiplexer, the rotor machine and DMF speedvolt.*

being utilized as a definite combinational circuit from the point signals to the process are included in the list of induced signals used for the test procedure [18]. As such, a process is defined or serve as part of the combinational circuit, therefore any input signal in the process can be related to the sensitivity list for the entire

Length is the armature circuit gives the following equation:

The Figure above (**Figure 4**) shows the schematic diagram of the DC motor, it has two different circuit port *Ia* and *If* [19]. The field current and the frame-work circuits. The inlet of the DC motor is in a form of electrical power while the outlet or output is mechanical with a power voltage. The field-curve is supplied from a separate voltage source in its equivalent circuit board representing the resistance and induced field twist. The current produced in the curve establishes the magnetic field necessary for the motor operation. In the frame-work or rotor circuit, the voltage speed applied across the motor terminals is the flow of current in the framework circuit and the resistance *Rr* of the frame-work circuit winding, is the total voltage induced in the armature or frame-work circuit. Applying the Kanel Voltage

where *V<sup>T</sup>* is the voltage applied to the frame-work or rotor terminals of the motor and *Ra* is the resistance of the rotor curve. The total induced current is typically represented by electrical power and the terminal voltage by the volts (V). Sometimes at end point, the motor speed is equivalent to null value. The rotor current at initial point is large enough to induce resistance flux in the magnetic field

surrounding the rotor point. The power transfer equation is given as:

*Eb*<sup>2</sup> ¼ *K KfIf* <sup>1</sup>

with operating speed *Ni* and field rotor current *If* 2.

and induced voltage is given as:

**Figure 4.**

**352**

*The DC machine circuit.*

*<sup>V</sup>TEb* <sup>þ</sup> *IaRa* (1)

*Pddv* ¼ *K*Θ*Ia* (2)

(3)

2*πNi* 60

system (**Figure 4**).

*Control Theory in Engineering*

#### **Figure 6.**

*Graphs indicating current flow for input voltages of the motor, freewheel and starter machine. (a) The inverse error rate of the DC motor voltage, (b) Up peak error rate for Starter Machine, (c) Normalised current flow for the freeWheel controllers, (d) Neutral current flow for the DMF machine.*

and produces high transient currents and a torque peak. After less than 1 s the

during process visualization. The DC motor and the starter engine work in sychronized format than the other machines used for the integration and process flow. The freewheel serves as a buster to the end machine. The sample size was reduced for the PID and demultiplexer because the number of error rates increased as more samples or input data was tested for the process flow. Based on performance rate (**Figure 8**), the DC motor and DMF machine will be an important factor

*Machine performance rate of DC motor, the demultiplexer, the rotor machine and DMF speedvolt.*

*Modeling and Simulation of a DC Drive Integrated through a Demultiplexer*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89068*

On several reruns, the more the input data the more changes in result output

This chapter mostly talks about the DC motor integration to the demultiplexer with other machine, while simulating most of its machine parts or circuits such a the torque and DMF that serves as a buster. The amount of load of constant torque decreases in speed as the rotor resistance is increased. The overall resistance in the rotor circuit or machine is increased by applying a constant variable as the resistance of the rotor winding is fixed for a given motor. All machines that serves as buster is described briefly in the above sections and are all used to control the DC motor by changing the external resistance in line with the rotor. The relationship between the torque speed and its applied voltage in terms of the DMF controllers is indicated in the figures and provide a smooth variation for the speed control. The losses and efficiency of the DC motor and demultiplexer can be corrected by a constant rerun and applying more input voltage. So, for our future purposes, we intend to produce a physical mechanical configuration for practical runs and visible speed monitoring and make proper decisions on appropriate integration and

The authors wish to acknowledge and thank both the Nasarawa State University

and Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, for providing the Modeling software and

induction machine comes to a standstill (**Figure 7**).

for most mechanical device integration and composition.

torque control of the load due to rotational loses.

assistance during the production of this chapter.

**2. Conclusion**

**Figure 8.**

**Acknowledgements**

**355**

#### **Figure 7.**

*Resultant graphs or results from reruns of input data for DC motor, starter machine and DMF machine. (a) Synchronised voltage for DC motor and Starter Engine, (b) Synchronised voltage for DC motor and Freewheel, (c) Synchronised current flow for worm Machine and torque control, (d) Synchronised current flow for PID Machine and Demultiplexer.*

*Modeling and Simulation of a DC Drive Integrated through a Demultiplexer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89068*

#### **Figure 8.**

**Figure 6.**

*Control Theory in Engineering*

**Figure 7.**

**354**

*flow for PID Machine and Demultiplexer.*

*Graphs indicating current flow for input voltages of the motor, freewheel and starter machine. (a) The inverse error rate of the DC motor voltage, (b) Up peak error rate for Starter Machine, (c) Normalised current flow for*

*Resultant graphs or results from reruns of input data for DC motor, starter machine and DMF machine. (a) Synchronised voltage for DC motor and Starter Engine, (b) Synchronised voltage for DC motor and Freewheel, (c) Synchronised current flow for worm Machine and torque control, (d) Synchronised current*

*the freeWheel controllers, (d) Neutral current flow for the DMF machine.*

*Machine performance rate of DC motor, the demultiplexer, the rotor machine and DMF speedvolt.*

and produces high transient currents and a torque peak. After less than 1 s the induction machine comes to a standstill (**Figure 7**).

On several reruns, the more the input data the more changes in result output during process visualization. The DC motor and the starter engine work in sychronized format than the other machines used for the integration and process flow. The freewheel serves as a buster to the end machine. The sample size was reduced for the PID and demultiplexer because the number of error rates increased as more samples or input data was tested for the process flow. Based on performance rate (**Figure 8**), the DC motor and DMF machine will be an important factor for most mechanical device integration and composition.
