**Author details**

*Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering*

should be used to avoid and consider these defects.

cesses were explained in detail by the author.

**7. Summary and conclusion**

solve the problems.

**Acknowledgements**

avoid some defect such as heat accumulation. Therefore, an optimal cooling rate

In this chapter, a review on design for additive manufacturing was conducted to address and answer some concerns about Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM). These concerns were related to challenges, issues, and defects which are prevalent in MAM method in factories while printing small and medium sized parts. Explanations about the printing procedures and materials are also discussed in this chapter. Moreover, potential approach and solutions are inferred by the author to diminish these problems. Comprehensive literature review was developed from a recent research paper to address and understand these manufacturing obstacles. The MAM method is divided into two main processes: PBF and DED. These pro-

The main obstacles which the MAM methods encounter are categorized into two types: challenges (difficulties) and defects. Several obstacles have been explained in this chapter, such as repeatability, material issue, schedule, certification, heat treatment, and inspection. Also, several defects which obstruct high quality and reliability, such as fatigue, stress analysis, porosity, heat accumulation, delaminating, and cracks were listed and discussed. For every challenge and defect, a potential solution was suggested and discussed by the author. Some of these suggested solutions need to be tested and validated on actual metal three-dimensional printing processes. Other suggested solutions, such as inspection and orientation, should be implemented by visiting manufacturing companies and making local study on to

However, based on the literature review and analysis, DED processes, especially

The authors wish to thank the resources of the Department of Industrial and

WAAM, have more defects and challenges than PBF processes. Some of these challenges and defects are common in three-dimensional printing, a fast-growing manufacturing process. More study and analysis are required to fix these obstacles and make MAM method smooth. Such concurrent failures can induce huge losses in industries and force them out of business. Therefore, future studies can eliminate

these failures and yield higher production rate and profits.

Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University.

**254**

Omar Ahmed Al-Shebeeb Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: oaalshebeeb@mix.wvu.edu

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
