**6.3 Proximity detection devices**

*Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering*

Gravity Fall, excavation, collapsing, elevated, uneven, open holes

Temperature Ignition, cold, hot, fumes, heat, molten slag

Motion Confined space, movement, struck by, caught in, caught between, lifting Mechanical Rotating, compressed, conveyor, belt, motors, power tool, hand tool Electrical Electrocuted, power line, light fixtures, circuit panel, wiring, batteries Pressure Piping, cylinders, control liners, vessels, tanks, hoses, pneumatic, hydraulic

Radiation Lighting, welding, arc, flash, X-rays, solar rays, microwaves, sunlight

Chemical Vapors, corrosive, gas, carbon monoxide, asphyxiation, chemical, toxic, sulfur dioxide Biological Animals, bacteria, viruses, insects, blood-borne pathogens, contaminated water, food

**Energy source Corresponding key words**

Sound Noise, vibration

*Categorization of data into 10 energy source groups.*

**76**

**6. Emerging technologies**

*Distribution of the energy sources [36].*

**Figure 4.**

**Table 3.**

**6.2 Integrating BIM and safety**

**6.1 Safety training through computer-aided technologies**

cation, safety training, and education, and safety inspection [52].

The development of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) have embedded worker training systems and become significant costeffective and safer ways to educate workers. The immersive VR/AR/MR environments within computer-generated simulations have also gained popularity in safety training to identify the potential hazards as well as educate moving vehicle operators on the job site. Hazardous construction scenarios can be simulated interactively with the working environment, workers' behavior, high-risk equipment, and working sequence [52]. Researchers also found that many VR/AR systems had been proved as efficient, usable, applicable, and accurate approaches in hazard identifi-

Numerous studies and industrial applications evidenced that safety and BIM integration can assist in safety planning and execution of projects, for example to automatic checking of construction models and schedules for preventing

Many proximity avoidance systems have been developed by utilizing various technologies, such as an ultrasonic-based sensor [60], radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensing technology [61–63], radar [60, 64], GPS [65, 66], and magnetic field generators [67], to prevent contact accidents, particularly for accidents due to being struck by equipment. Most of these technologies provide some form of warning signals to workers when they are close to heavy equipment. These signals could be visual, vibratory, or audible warning signals [68].
