**8. Conclusion**

*Mass Production Processes*

Value uncaptured

**Table 5.**

Value uncaptured

*SVAT analysis for mass customization.*

**Mass customization Beginning of life** 

Value captured Pull production,

**(BOL)**

Value destroyed Input resource

Value missed Complicated product

Value absence Lack of economy of

Value destroyed Waste, resource and

Value missed Need for new supply

Value surplus Potential overcapacity

Value absence Lack of competent

exploit

Value surplus Workforce

**Direct digital manufacturing (DDM) Beginning of life** 

Value captured Personalization

flexible production, minimal inventory

inefficiencies, changeovers and process inefficiencies, more packaging

and process design

scale in production

**(BOL)**

of product, niche applications, no tooling or process planning, localised sourcing of materials, minimal inventory

process inefficiencies

chains, limited material options, expensive input material, resource and process inefficiencies, slow production, small batches, quality issues

of free/cheap labour to

designers, health risks

capabilities

**Middle of life (MOL)**

Greater need satisfaction

Increased transport for distribution, more complex service and maintenance

Product distribution combined with other distribution or collection

Lack of economy of scale in distribution and retail

> **Middle of life (MOL)**

Distributed production, need satisfaction

Traditional retail and distribution, potentially complicated service and maintenance

Increased transports

Potential excess capture of personal data

Lack of facilities for maintenance and service

**End of life (EOL)**

Product and consumer data

Complicated product treatment

Product collection combined with other collection or distribution

for recovery

Lack of uniformity in product treatment

**End of life (EOL)**

Spare part production

Landfill

Complicated collection and treatment

Potential excess of material available for reprocessing

Lack of suitability for treatment

Consumer use data Product location

**76**

**Table 6.**

*SVAT analysis for DDM.*

The main contribution of this chapter is the assessment of smart production innovations related to Industry 4.0 to determine the most beneficial for mass production, mass customization and direct digital manufacturing, respectively, taking into consideration the three dimensions of sustainability (**Table 3**).

SVAT yields the same conclusions, although less refined, as the manufacturer needs hierarchies in respect of Industry 4.0 innovation selection.

Manufacturers should consider their strategic sustainability needs based on their production system when selecting smart production innovations.
