**3. Conclusion**

The FE methods had been used to study thermo-electrical–mechanical coupled model. The integrity of lumped element, distributed element and system level element for design, modeling and simulation of nano/micro mechanical systems (N/MEMS) had been achieved by FEM. The nanostructures, nanocomposites and CNTs and their composites had been modeled using FEA. Further FEM had been applied in nanomaterials and systems used in medicine, dental science, biotechnology and electric field in the form of electrospinning.

The investigation of material properties with 1 – 100 nm dimensions had been achieved by nanoscience and technology. Thanks to nanotechnology and FEM, one of the dimensional materials such as CNTs, silica carbide nanotube, nanowire, nanorod and nanobeam had been dream of innovation. The field effective transistors, gas sensors, nanoactuators, nanocantilevers are the live examples. It has been found that these structures have varied applications in nano/micro – electro – mechanical systems (NEMS /MEMS). Ultra capacitors had been found application in hybrid cars. This chapter elaborated the applications of finite element method in varied applications of nanotechnology including CNTs, nano beams, nanorods, nanobiomaterials, graphene coated materials, nanosensors, nanotips and curved nanobeams. Apart from these applications the nanotechnology extends hands to day to day applications such as self-cleansing walls, wall claddings, reinforcement to cement matrix. The FEM could be extended to these materials which had not been extensively covered. A correct mechanical model simulated by finite element modeling would replicate the exact experimental setup and provide solutions to constitutive modeling and all engineering problems. The best example is the usage of CNTs as reinforcements in composites and cementitious materials. The CNTs are costlier that almost 85% of the CNT reinforcement is studies using FEA software by the researchers instead of experimental studies. The last few decades had been dedicated to CNTs, sensors, diagnostic probes and multifunctional materials based on CNTs, electronic devices and energy storage devices. The sensors could be used to monitor all kind of structures including cracks in bridges and structural collapses of civil engineering structures. The replacement of silicon based sensors and transistors with CNT based printed transistors are future challenge and already researches are on using FEM and FEA software. With advent of computers and FEA software such as ANSYS, ABAQUS, NASTRAN the unaffordable experimental analysis of nanoscience had been replaced with analytical studies using FEM.
