**3.1 Hexidong cave site**

*Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration, Technology, and Adaptation*

**2.3 Localities in Pujiang County**

over 90° [14].

7 ~ 20 m.

hominid occurred.

**2.4 Localities in Lin'an City**

(most over 70°) are a relatively frequent type in this assemblage.

artifacts made from blocky blanks. The chopping-tools with blunt cutting edge

In the excavation between 2004 and 2005, more than 430 stone artifacts were unearthed in three layers with various types: scraper, chopper, spheroid, awl, handpick, graver, point and so on. The lower layer is characterized by lots of pebbles, and the excavator considered it might date back over 0.78 Ma BP [7].

Pujiang County (119°42′ ~ 120°07′E, 29°21′ ~ 29°41'N) is located at the middle part of Zhejiang. A total of 8 stone artifacts were collected without stratigraphic context from the No. PJ001 site of Daxu Village. The reticulate sediment marks on the surface of some stone artifacts are comparable to those uncovered in Anji and Changxing Counties, thus their age can be estimated to Early to Middle Paleolithic. The raw materials contain quartzites, flints, sandstones and siliceous mudstones. The types of artifacts include core, flake and tool. Flakes are produced by direct hammer percussion, and are commonly thick and heavy. The tool types consist of just chopping-tools and scrapers, which are made of blanks of either pebbles or large flakes. The cutting edges of the tools are often blunt with an edge angle of

Lin'an City (118°51′ ~ 119°52′E, 29°56′ ~ 30°23' N) is located at the northwest part of Zhejiang, north to Anji County and east to Hangzhou City. Several small rivers cross this region and form developed terraces and diluvia with a thickness of

Fragmented fossils of ivory and the limbs of artiodactyl were found at Dadi Cave together with the fossil remains of horse, muntjac, deer, bear, tiger, cattle, monkey and boar were unearthed in Douchuan Cave. However, no archeological remains of

Five Paleolithic localities have been found on the second terrace of rivers in this area [15]. Among the collection of 22 stone artifacts, only one piece has stratigraphic data. The main raw materials are sandstones and quartz sandstones, in association with a few quartzites. Most stone artifacts are heavy and thick, excepting those quartzite pieces in small size. Hammer percussion is used for flaking and retouching. Most features of this assemblage are similar to the sites in Xitiaoxi River area; how-

Tonglu County is located in the northwest part of Zhejiang, at the middle part of Qiantang River. 8 Paleolithic localities were investigated in the area of Fuchun River, including 3 open-air localities and 5 cave sites. Open-air localities are mainly found on the second river terraces, and cave sites in karst area of Fenshui River. There are 12 stone artifacts gathered from the open-air localities. The reticulate marks on the surface of stone artifacts help us to date them into the Early to Middle Paleolithic. The main raw materials are quartz sandstones and sandstones, as well as several siliceous mudstones. The types of the stone artifacts are simple cores and tools. Direct hammer percussion is the main knapping method. The lithic artifacts are made from massive pebbles or cores as blanks. Only two kinds of tools were

ever, the amount of thick-flake blanks is much higher.

**2.5 Localities in Tonglu County**

found, scrapers and points [16].

**122**

Hexidong Cave Site, located in 1 km distance from Yindinggang Site, was excavated from 2007 to 2010. Paleolithic remains were uncovered from five localities of this site [16]. According to the types of faunal remains and the stratigraphic sediment, the age of Hexidong Site can be placed into the Upper Paleolithic, though no C14 dates are reported yet and we do not know the exact date of the site.

Locality 1 is the main locality of Hexidong Site. Its 8-meter thick deposits can be divided into 6 cultural layers. A large amount of Quaternary faunal fossils, bone fragments, stone and bone artifacts were unearthed from the third to fifth layer. The great quantity of fragmentary bones might evidence food processing. In the fourth layer, a possible hearth feature was discovered. Moreover, lots of bone artifacts or bone pieces with cutting marks were discovered from Locality 2 and Locality 3.

A total of over 1000 stone artifacts were retrieved from the Hexidong Site. The raw materials include sandstone, quartz sandstone, quartzite and flint. The types consist of chunks (N = 30), cores (N ≈ 450), flakes (N ≈ 190), scrapers (N ≈ 300), chopping-tools (N ≈ 80), points (N = 30) and stone hammers. The technique applied for flaking and retouching is mainly direct hammer percussion, while several flakes exhibit features of anvilflaking. This is the first appearance of this technique in Zhejiang.

### **3.2 Cave sites in Tonglu County**

As mentioned above, five cave sites were identified in Tonglu County. Some flint stone artifacts were collected from Longdong Cave, Hongshidong Cave and Longdongbeidong Cave. Huidong Cave and Heshangdong Cave discovered few Quaternary faunal remains, including the teeth of sika deer, the shinbone of a deer and the phalanx of roe deer. These artifacts are highly possibly as the Upper Paleolithic remains, though the exact C14 dates are not available yet.

10 stone artifacts were collected from the former three caves, with the types of cores, flakes and tools. They are made of siliceous mudstone mainly, and of a few quartzites and quartz sandstones. Hammer percussion is used to produce flakes and retouch tools. The tools are dominated by scrapers, and in association with a few chopping-tools. Most tools are retouched both sides on the massive blanks. The occurrence of small-sized stone artifacts is different from other localities in Zhejiang region [16].
