*Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration,Technology, and Adaptation*

the shelter might not have been inhabited during these periods. All the evidence possibly shows that the shelter had been occupied during at least three different periods in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, an interpretation consistent with the tentative conclusion reached by Tanudirjo [30, 31]. The 2004 excavation produced 9465 lithic artifacts that were categorized as flake tools, flakes, cores, chips and chunks mainly made of chert (**Figure 3A**–**D**), and igneous rock hammerstones, together with 3371 NISP (Number of Identified Specimen) of marine shell, land snail, crustacean, and sea urchin were excavated from all the layers. On the other hand, earthenware sherds (n = 580) were recovered only from the upper layer and modern surface. They are mainly Metal Age pottery, after 2000 BP.

crustacean (Brachyura) and sea urchin (*Heterocentrotus mammillatus*) were also identified as marine resources. The analysis of the shell remains confirmed that *Turbo* spp. (e.g. *Turbo marmoratus,Turbo setosus*), *Nerita* spp. (e.g. *Nerita balteata, Nerita undata*), and *Trochus* spp. (e.g.,*Trochus maculatus,Trochus niloticus*) were the most important shell resources for the inhabitants of the site. Among them, the *Turbo* spp. and *Nerita* spp. were the most abundant in number, though in terms of size and actual meat value, the much larger *Turbo* spp. and *Trochus* spp. were more

*Island Migration, Resource Use, and Lithic Technology by Anatomically Modern…*

For their temporal change, Layer 3 dated from 35 to 32 ka produced 33 species of shellfish taxa along with crustaceans and sea urchins. The dominant shellfish in the

The number of shellfish remains dramatically decreased in Layer 2A (N = 516) as well as in Layer 1 (N = 450), which together were dated to 10-8 ka. In Layer 2A,

For lithic analysis, Fuentes and colleagues (2019) selected 183 artifacts with 360 potentially used areas (PUA) or working edges to undergo multi-level microscopic use-wear analysis [32, 36, 37]. The samples have a median weight of 5.53 g and maximum dimensions of 30.8 mm (length) by 26.6 mm (width) by 9.3 mm (thickness). Microscopic analysis found intensive micropolishes on lithics formed by direct and prolonged contact with plants (**Figure 3E, F**). Such interpretation is also supported by the preservation of plant remains on unretouched and notched tools. The notched tools (**Figure 3C, D**), initially recorded by Tanudirjo [30, 31] were designed and employed for extraction of plant fibers. Although more evidence is needed, the plant fibers were possibly used as binding to support attachment of the

Our microscopic analysis also detected plant residues deposited on the retouch scars and along the immediate working edge (**Figure 3G, H**). Among the analyzed material, plant remains such as tissues, starch, phytoliths, and fiber were preserved on 51 artifacts, 15 coming from the Pleistocene deposits and mainly dating to the LGM, and 36 from the Holocene layers [38]. The residues on the stone tools provided direct evidence of plant working. Additionally, we identified stone tools with impact scars, residues, scarring along the hafting boundary, sliced into scalar scars, and polishes that indicate production and use of hafted tools. The results of SEM-EDX analysis show that one residue sample which exhibits drying cracks, is highly

Fasciolariidae (*Latirus nagasakiensis*) and Tridacnidae (*Tridacna maxima,Tridacna crocea*) increased in numbers. The increase of such coral rubble–dwelling species may indicate warming of sea and air temperatures and renewed growth of coastal corals after the Holocene. In contrast, the major subtidal and intertidal species such as *Turbo* sp., Trochus sp., *Nerita* sp., *Cellana* sp., and Chiton sp. considerably

however, some subtidal and coral rubble–dwelling species belonging to

decreased after the Holocene in Leang Sarru [28].

layer are intertidal to subtidal rocky shore species such as Neritidae (*Nerita balteata*), Patellidae, Muricidae, Haliotidae, and Chitonidae as well as *Turbo* spp., which are basically subtidal species. However, the total amount of marine shellfish is yet small in number (NISP = 859) during 35 to 32 ka. On the other hand, Layer 2B dated to 21 and 17 ka which corresponds to LGM produced a higher number and greater variety of species (n = 1456, 42 species). Among the marine shellfish species, the number of Neritidae, Turbinidae, and Trochidae families (particularly *Trochus maculatus*) increased dramatically, while the number of intertidal shell species such as *Haliotis varia* and land mollusks such as *Pythia* spp. slightly decreased. Such increase of shellfish remains in Layer 2B may indicate more active exploitation of marine shellfish resources during the LGM, despite the greater distance of the site from the coastline at the time. Alternatively, the site might have been more inten-

important in terms of food and protein sources [28].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93819*

sively used during this period.

lithic implements to a shaft.

organic in composition [32].

**91**

In terms of resources used by early modern humans in the Talaud Islands, the excavated shellfish remains (n = 3281, 26 kg) were sorted into 53 taxa and 23 species, mainly belonging to marine shells and land snails. One species each of

**Figure 3.** *Leang Sarru lithic tools (A-D) and corresponding plant micropolishes (E, F) and residues (G, H) along their edges.*

*Island Migration, Resource Use, and Lithic Technology by Anatomically Modern… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93819*

crustacean (Brachyura) and sea urchin (*Heterocentrotus mammillatus*) were also identified as marine resources. The analysis of the shell remains confirmed that *Turbo* spp. (e.g. *Turbo marmoratus,Turbo setosus*), *Nerita* spp. (e.g. *Nerita balteata, Nerita undata*), and *Trochus* spp. (e.g.,*Trochus maculatus,Trochus niloticus*) were the most important shell resources for the inhabitants of the site. Among them, the *Turbo* spp. and *Nerita* spp. were the most abundant in number, though in terms of size and actual meat value, the much larger *Turbo* spp. and *Trochus* spp. were more important in terms of food and protein sources [28].

For their temporal change, Layer 3 dated from 35 to 32 ka produced 33 species of shellfish taxa along with crustaceans and sea urchins. The dominant shellfish in the layer are intertidal to subtidal rocky shore species such as Neritidae (*Nerita balteata*), Patellidae, Muricidae, Haliotidae, and Chitonidae as well as *Turbo* spp., which are basically subtidal species. However, the total amount of marine shellfish is yet small in number (NISP = 859) during 35 to 32 ka. On the other hand, Layer 2B dated to 21 and 17 ka which corresponds to LGM produced a higher number and greater variety of species (n = 1456, 42 species). Among the marine shellfish species, the number of Neritidae, Turbinidae, and Trochidae families (particularly *Trochus maculatus*) increased dramatically, while the number of intertidal shell species such as *Haliotis varia* and land mollusks such as *Pythia* spp. slightly decreased. Such increase of shellfish remains in Layer 2B may indicate more active exploitation of marine shellfish resources during the LGM, despite the greater distance of the site from the coastline at the time. Alternatively, the site might have been more intensively used during this period.

The number of shellfish remains dramatically decreased in Layer 2A (N = 516) as well as in Layer 1 (N = 450), which together were dated to 10-8 ka. In Layer 2A, however, some subtidal and coral rubble–dwelling species belonging to Fasciolariidae (*Latirus nagasakiensis*) and Tridacnidae (*Tridacna maxima,Tridacna crocea*) increased in numbers. The increase of such coral rubble–dwelling species may indicate warming of sea and air temperatures and renewed growth of coastal corals after the Holocene. In contrast, the major subtidal and intertidal species such as *Turbo* sp., Trochus sp., *Nerita* sp., *Cellana* sp., and Chiton sp. considerably decreased after the Holocene in Leang Sarru [28].

For lithic analysis, Fuentes and colleagues (2019) selected 183 artifacts with 360 potentially used areas (PUA) or working edges to undergo multi-level microscopic use-wear analysis [32, 36, 37]. The samples have a median weight of 5.53 g and maximum dimensions of 30.8 mm (length) by 26.6 mm (width) by 9.3 mm (thickness). Microscopic analysis found intensive micropolishes on lithics formed by direct and prolonged contact with plants (**Figure 3E, F**). Such interpretation is also supported by the preservation of plant remains on unretouched and notched tools. The notched tools (**Figure 3C, D**), initially recorded by Tanudirjo [30, 31] were designed and employed for extraction of plant fibers. Although more evidence is needed, the plant fibers were possibly used as binding to support attachment of the lithic implements to a shaft.

Our microscopic analysis also detected plant residues deposited on the retouch scars and along the immediate working edge (**Figure 3G, H**). Among the analyzed material, plant remains such as tissues, starch, phytoliths, and fiber were preserved on 51 artifacts, 15 coming from the Pleistocene deposits and mainly dating to the LGM, and 36 from the Holocene layers [38]. The residues on the stone tools provided direct evidence of plant working. Additionally, we identified stone tools with impact scars, residues, scarring along the hafting boundary, sliced into scalar scars, and polishes that indicate production and use of hafted tools. The results of SEM-EDX analysis show that one residue sample which exhibits drying cracks, is highly organic in composition [32].

the shelter might not have been inhabited during these periods. All the evidence possibly shows that the shelter had been occupied during at least three different periods in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, an interpretation consistent with the tentative conclusion reached by Tanudirjo [30, 31]. The 2004 excavation produced 9465 lithic artifacts that were categorized as flake tools, flakes, cores, chips and chunks mainly made of chert (**Figure 3A**–**D**), and igneous rock hammerstones, together with 3371 NISP (Number of Identified Specimen) of marine shell, land snail, crustacean, and sea urchin were excavated from all the layers. On the other hand, earthenware sherds (n = 580) were recovered only from the upper layer and

In terms of resources used by early modern humans in the Talaud Islands, the

*Leang Sarru lithic tools (A-D) and corresponding plant micropolishes (E, F) and residues (G, H) along their*

excavated shellfish remains (n = 3281, 26 kg) were sorted into 53 taxa and 23 species, mainly belonging to marine shells and land snails. One species each of

modern surface. They are mainly Metal Age pottery, after 2000 BP.

*Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration,Technology, and Adaptation*

**Figure 3.**

*edges.*

**90**
