**9. References**

550 Mass Transfer - Advanced Aspects

vibration has the strongest diffraction intensity and the smallest full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), indicating the highest crystal quality. This means that crystallographic perfection of oxide crystal can be effectively improved by axial vibration with proper amplitude.

Fig. 24. X-ray rocking curves of Bi12SiO20 crystals grown by vertical Bridgman method with

Fig. 25 shows the etch pit pattern of the as-grown Bi12SiO20 crystals by vertical Bridgman method. The etch pit density of the crystal grown without vibration is about 4.8×104/cm2 (Fig. 25(a)). However, when an axial vibration of 70 μm amplitude is applied, the etch pit density of the crystal grown with vibration is only 2.2×104/cm2 (Fig. 25(b)). This is attributed to the enhanced mass exchange and the diminished radial temperature gradient in front of

Fig. 25. Etch pit patterns of Bi12SiO20 crystals grown without vibration (a) and with vibration

The coupling of differential interference microscope and the Schlieren technique is an effective method to visualize the mass transport simultaneously with the growing interface

the solid-liquid interface by vibration-induced forced convection.

different vibration amplitudes

of 70 μm amplitude (b)

**7. Summary and conclusions** 


**Part 5** 

**Advances in Bioengineering Aspects** 


**Part 5** 

**Advances in Bioengineering Aspects** 

552 Mass Transfer - Advanced Aspects

W. Q. Jin, X. H. Pan, Y. Liu, Y. Hong, Y. F. Jiang & S. Yoda, (2006). Two-dimensional mass

W. Q. Jin, F. Ai, Y. Hong, H. S. Luo, Y. Liu & X. H. Pan, (2007). The attenuation of oscillatory

X. A. Liang, W. Q. Jin, Z. L. Pan & Z. H. Liu, (2000). Experimental measurement of

X. H. Pan &W. Q. Jin, (2005). Effect of axial vibration on free surface flows in cylindrical

X. H. Pan, (2005). Ph.D. Thesis, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, CAS, Shanghai, China, P.

X. H. Pan, W. Q. Jin, Y. Hong & F. Ai, (2006). In situ observation of skeletal shape transition

X. H. Pan, F. Ai, W. Q. Jin, Y. Liu & Y. Zhang, (2007). Morphologies of solid-liquid interface

X. H. Pan, W. Q. Jin, Y. Liu & F. Ai, (2008). Effect of surface tension-driven flow on BaB2O4

X. H. Pan, W. Q. Jin, Y. Liu & F. Ai, (2009). Solute distribution in KNbO3 melt-solution and

Y. Hong, W. Q. Jin & X. H. Pan, (2004). Thermalcapillary convection in NaBi(WO4)2 melt.

Y. Hong, W. Q. Jin, X. H. Pan, &Y. Shinichi,(2005). Effect of free surface deformation on

Y. Hong, W. Q. Jin, X. H. Pan & Y. Shinichi, (2006). Experimental study on marangoni

Y. Liu, Fei Aai, X. H. Pan, Y. Zhang, Y. F. Zhou & C. D. Feng, (2010). Effect of rotating

Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, W. Jiang, X. H. Pan, W. Q. Jin & F. Ai, (2008). Vertical Bridgman growth of

Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, W. Jiang, X. H. Pan, W. Q. Jin, F. Ai & H. C. Wang, (2009). Effect of axial

Z. H. Liu, W. Q. Jin, Z. L. Pan & N. Cheng, (1998). Experiments on surface tension driven

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diffusion-induced bulk flow in a boundary layer of crystal growth. *Journal of Crystal* 

thermocapillary convection in the oxide melt by a transverse magnetic field. *Science* 

temperature distribution across a loop-like heater. *Progress in Crystal Growth and* 

during BaB2O4 crystal growth in High-temperature solution. *Chinese Physics Letters*,

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**24** 

*1Iran 2Malaysia* 

**Supercritical Fluid Application in** 

K. Khosravi-Darani1 and M. R. Mozafari2

**Food and Bioprocess Technology** 

*Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology,* 

*2Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology,* 

*University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor,* 

*1Department of Food Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology,* 

There are several old and new applications for the supercritical fluid (SCF) technology in bioprocessing, including the nonthermal cell inactivation (Dillow et al., 1999; Spilimbergo and Bertucco, 2003; Hong and Pyun, 2001), permeabilization (Aaltonen and Rantakyla, 1991), extraction of fermentation products (Bruno et al., 1993; Hampson and Ashby, 1999; Isenschmid et al., 1995), removal of biostatic agents and organic solvents from fermentation broth, SCF disruption of yeasts (Castor and Hong et al., 1995; Lin and Chen, 1994; Lin et al., 1992; Nakamura et al., 1994) and bacteria (Juhasz et al., 2003; Khosravi- Darani et al., 2004), destruction of industrial waste (Kim and Hong, 2001), fractionatation and purification of biopolymers (Khosravi- Darani et al., 2003), removal of chlorinated compounds from water, and treatment of lignocellulosic materials (Puri, 1983). Some products possibly produced by the SCF technology may be found in processes to obtain vitamin additives, de-alcoholized beverages, de-fat potato chips, and encapsulated liquids. For more information on the other examples, the readers are referred to the literature (King and Bott, 1993; Brunner, 2005; McHugh and Krukonis, 1994; Bertucco and Spilimbergo, 2001). Khosravi-Darani et al. have reviewed all aspects of the supercritical fluid extraction (SCE) in the downstream processing

There are also several applications for the SCF technology in food engineering including: extraction of compounds from natural products (the processing of hops, the extraction of caffeine, vanilla, beta-carotene, and vegetable oils), food sterilization, removal of undesired extractable (pesticides residues, hazardous chemicals from fish tissue, oil from dry-milled corn germ), and fractionation of cod liver oil (Bruno et al., 1993). Catalytic reactions in supercritical CO2 have been receiving an increased attention during the last decade (Sarkari

This chapter has focused on SCF special applications in the field of food biotechnology. The application of SCF is simple, inexpensive, and noninjurious to the structure and function of enzymes (Lin et al., 1992) and protein activities (Kamat et al., 1995; Zheng and Tsao, 1996; Kasche et al., 1988). The supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is the most commonly used

of bioscience (Khosravi-Darani and Vasheghani-Farahani, 2005).

**1. Introduction** 

et al., 1993).

 *Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran,* 
