**11. References**

Adamczyk, K., Premont-Schwarz, M., Pines, D., Pines, E., Nibbering, E.T.J. (2009). Real-time observation of carbonic acid formation in aqueous solution", *Science*, 326, 1690- 1694.

Dissolution Trapping of Carbon Dioxide in

*Research*, 46, W07537.

*Nature*, 458, 2, 614-618.

363-367.

press]

56, 6, 1398-1405.

conditions, *Chem. Eng. Comm.*, 90, 23-22.

Energy Sources, Luebeck, Germany.

Berkeley National Laboratory, CA.

*Journal of Fluid Mechanics*, 611, 35-60.

sandstones, *Physical Review E*, 82, 056315.

 *Panel on Climate Change*, Cambridge University Press.

Reservoir Formation Brine – A Carbon Storage Mechanism 259

Enick, R.M., Klara, S.M. (1990). CO2 solubility in water and brine under reservoir

Ennis-King J., Paterson, L. (2005). Role of convective mixing in the long-term storage of carbon dioxide in deep saline formations, *SPE Journal*, 10, 3, 349-356. Espinoza, D.N., Santamarina, J.C. (2010). Water-CO2-mineral systems: interfacial tension,

Firoozabadi, A., Cheng, P. (2010). Prospects for subsurface CO2 sequestration, *AIChE Journal*,

Fridleifsson, I.B., Bertani, R., Huenges, E., Lund, J.W., Ragnarsson, A., Rybach, L. (2008). The

Garcia, J. E. (2001). Density of aqueous solutions of CO2, *Report LBNL-49023*, Lawrence

Gaus, I. (2010). Role and impact of CO2-rock interactions during CO2 storage in sedimentary

Gilfillan, S.M.V., Sherwood Lollar, B., Holland, G., Blagburn, D., Stevens, S., Schoell, M.,

Hirai, S., Okazaki, K., Yazawa, H., Ito, H., Tabe, Y., Hijikata, K. (1997). Measurement of CO2

Iglauer, S. (2011). *Carbon capture and storage with a focus on capillary trapping as a mechanism to* 

Iglauer, S., Wülling, W., Pentland, C.H., Al Mansoori, S.K., Blunt, M.J. (2009). Capillary

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007). *Climate Change 2007: The Physical* 

 *Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*, Cambridge University Press. Juanes, R., Spiteri, E.J., Orr, F.M., Blunt, M.J. (2006). Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage, *Water Resources Research*, 42, W12418.

Iglauer, S., Favretto, S, Spinelli, G., Schena, G., Blunt, M.J. (2010). X-ray tomography

Green, D.W., Willhite, G.P. (1998). *Enhanced oil recovery*, Richardson: SPE Publications. Hesse, M.A., Orr, F.M., Tchelepi, H.A. (2008). Gravity currents with residual trapping,

rocks, *International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control*, 4, 73-89.

contact angle, and diffusion-implications to CO2 geological storage, *Water Resources* 

possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. In: O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin (Eds.) IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable

 Cassidy, M., Ding, Z., Zhou, Z., Lacrampe-Couloume, G., Ballentine, C.J. (2009). Solubility trapping in formation water as dominant CO2 sink in natural gas fields,

diffusion coefficient and application of LIF in pressurized water, *Energy*, 22, 2-3,

*store carbon dioxide in geological porous media*, in Advances in Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer, volume 3, chapter 4, 177-197 (eds. L. Cheng and D. Mewes) [in

measurements of power-law cluster size distributions for the nonwetting phase in

trapping capacity of rocks and sandpacks. SPE 120960, *Proceedings of the SPE EUROPEC/EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition*, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2005). *IPCC Special Report on Carbon* 

 *Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental* 

 *Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the* 

Andarko (2010). *Wyoming Fact Sheet*.


Al-Mansoori, S.K., Itsekiri, E., Iglauer, S., Pentland, C.H., Bijeljic, B., Blunt, M.J. (2010).

Bachu, S. (2000). Sequestration of CO2 in geological media: criteria and approach for site

Bachu, S., Adams, J.J. (2003). Sequestration of CO2 in geological media in response to climate

Badessich, M.F., Gait, M., Carbone, C., Dzelalija, F., Giampaoli, P. (2005). Integrated

Bahar, M., Liu, K. (2008). Measurement of the diffusion coefficient of CO2 in formation water

Ballentine, C.J., Schoell, M., Coleman, D., Cain, B.A. (2001). 300-Myr-old magmatic CO2 in natural gas reservoirs of the west Texas Permian basin, *Nature*, 409, 327-331. Bando, S., Takemura, F., Nishio, M., Hihara, E., Akai, M. (2003). Solubility of CO2 in

Blunt, M.J., Fayers, F.J., Orr, F.M. (1993) Carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery *Energy* 

Chiquet, P., Broseta, D., Thibeau, S. (2007). Wettability alteration of caprock minerals by

Dandekar, A.Y. (2006). *Petroleum reservoir rock and fluid properties*, Boca Raton: Taylor &

De Ruiter, R.A., Nash, L.J., Singletary, M.S. (1994). Solubility and displacement behavior of a viscous crude with CO2 and hydrocarbon gas, *SPE Reservoir Engineering*, 101-106. Dickson, J.L., Gupta, G., Horozov, T.S., Binks, B.P., Johnston, K.P. (2006). Wetting phenomena at the CO2/water/glass interface, *Langmuir*, 22, 2161-2170. Duan, Z., Sun, R. (2003). An improved model calculating CO2 solubility in pure water and

Duan, Z., Sun, R., Zhu, C., Chou, I.-M. (2006). An improved model for the calculation of CO2

Egermann, P., Bazin, B., Vizika, O. (2005). An experimental investigation of reaction-

aqueous NaCl solutions from 273 to 533 K and from 0 to 2000 bar, *Chemical Geology*,

solubilites in aqueous solutions containing 2 2- 2 Na , K , Ca , Mg <sup>4</sup> , Cl and SO <sup>+</sup> ++ + <sup>−</sup> ,

transport phenomena during CO2 injection, SPE 93674, P*roceedings of the 14th Middle* 

Bear, J. (1972). *Dynamics of fluids in porous media*, New York: Dover Publications.

Dake, L.P. (2007). *Fundamentals of reservoir engineering*, Elsevier: Amsterdam.

*Conversion and Management*, 34, 9-11, 1197- 1204.

*International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control*, 4, 283-288.

 *Conversion and Management*, 44, 3151-3175.

Measurements of non-wetting phase trapping applied to carbon dioxide storage,

selection in response to climate change, *Energy Conversion and Management*, 41,953-

change: capacity of deep saline aquifers to sequester CO2 in solution, *Energy* 

 reservoir characterization for the redevelopment of a highly complex field, SPE 93797, *Proceedings of the SPE Europec/EAGE Annual Conference*, Madrid, Spain, 13-16

 under reservoir conditions: implications for CO2 storage, SPE 116513, *Proceedings of the SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition*, Perth, Australia, 20-22

aqueous solutions of NaCl at (30 to 60) ºC and (10 to 20) MPa, *Journal of Chemical &* 

Andarko (2010). *Wyoming Fact Sheet*.

970.

June.

October.

Francis.

193, 257-271.

 *Engineering Data*, 48, 576-579.

Vega Maza, D. (2011). *Private communication*.

*Marine Chemistry*, 98, 131-139.

*East Oil & Gas Show*, Bahrain.

carbon dioxide, *Geofluids*, 7, 112-122.


Dissolution Trapping of Carbon Dioxide in

thesis, Imperial College London, UK.

*Research Letters,* 38, L06401.

*Physical Review E*, 71, 026301.

[online]. Available:

*May 17-19,* Paper 0522.

886-919.

87-111.

Reservoir Formation Brine – A Carbon Storage Mechanism 261

Pentland, C.H. (2011a). *Measurements of non-wetting phase trapping in porous media*, PhD

Pentland, C.H., El-Maghraby, R., Iglauer, S., Blunt, M.J. (2011b). Measurements of the

Piri, M., Blunt, M.J. (2005). Three-dimensional mixed-wet random pore-scale network

Pocker, Y., Bjorkquist, D.W. (1977). Stopped-flow studies of carbon dioxide hydration and

Pruess, K., Garcia, J. (2002). Multiphase flow dynamics during CO2 disposal into saline

PTRC, Petroleum Technology Research Center, 6 Research Drive Regina, SK, Canada

Qi, R., LaForce, T.C., Blunt, M.J. (2009). Design of carbon dioxide storage in aquifers,

Reeves, S., Oudinot, A. (2005). The Allison CO2 ECBM pilot: A reservoir and economic

Rumble, D., Ferry, J.M., Hoering, T.C., Boucot, A.J. (1982). Fluid flow during metamorphism

Rumpf, B., Nicolaisen, H., Őcal, C., Maurer, G. (1994). Solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions and sodium chloride: experimental results and correlation,

Reamer, H.H., Sage, B.H. (1963). Phase equilibria in hydrocarbon systems. Volumetric and phase behavior of the n-decane-CO2 system, *J. Chem. Eng. Data*, 8, 508. Renner, T.A. (1988). Measurement and correlation of diffusion coefficients for CO2 and rich-

Riaz, A., Hesse, M., Tchelepi, H.A., Orr, F.M. (2006). Onset of convection in a gravitationally

Sabirzyanov, A.N., Il'in, A.P., Akhunov, A.R., Gumerov, F.M. (2002). Solubility of water in

Sabirzyanov, A.N., Shagiakhmetov, R.A., Gabitov, F.R., Tarzimanov, A.A., Gumerov, F.M.

Schulze-Makuch, D. (2005). Longitudinal dispersivity data and implications for scaling

Shimizu, K., Kikkawa, N., Nagashima, A. (1995). *Proceedings of the 4th Asian* 

 conditions, *Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering*, 37, 1, 51-53. Schaeff, H.T., McGrail, B.P. (2004). Direct measurements of pH in H2O-CO2 brine mixtures to

unstable diffusive boundary layer in porous media, *Journal of Fluid Mechanics*, 548,

(2003). Water solubility of carbon dioxide under supercritical and subcritical

supercritical conditions, *Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Greenhouse* 

analysis, *Proceedings of the International Coalbed Methane Symposium, Tuscaloosa, USA,* 

at the Beaver Brook fossil locality, New Hampshire, *American Journal of Science*, 282,

*Journal of the Americal Chemical Society*, 99, 20, 6537-6543.

http://www.ptrc.ca/weyburn\_overview.php. [accessed: 22.3.2011].

*International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control*, 3, 195-205.

gas applications, *SPE Reservoir Engineering*, 3, 2, 517-523.

supercritical carbon dioxide, *High Temperature*, 40, 2, 203-206.

 *Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-7)*, Vancouver, Canada.

behavior, *Groundwater*, 43, 3, 443-456.

 *Thermophysical Properties Conference*, 3, 771.

aquifers, *Environmental Geology*, 42, 282-295.

*Journal of Solution Chemistry*, 23, 3, 431-448.

capillary trapping of supercritical carbon dioxide in Berea sandstone, *Geophysical* 

modeling of two- and three-phase flow in porous media. I. Model description,

bicarbonate dehydration in H2O and D2O. Acid-base and metal ion catalysis,


Kiepe, J., Horstmann, S., Fischer, K., Gmehling, J. (2002). Experimental determination and

Kokal, S.L., Sayegh, S.G. (1993). Phase behavior and physical properties of CO2-saturated

Koschel, D., Coxam, J.-Y., Rodier, L., Majer, V. (2006). Enthalpy and solubility data of CO2 in

Li, Z., Dong, M., Li, S., Dai, L. (2004). Densities and solubilities for binary systems of carbon

Li, Z., Firoozabadi, A. (2009). Cubic-plus-association equation of state for water- containing

Lindeberg, E., Wessel-Berg, D. (1997). Vertical convection in an aquifer column under a gas

Luquot, L., Gouze, P. (2009). Experimental determination of porosity and permeability

Mazarei, A.F., Sandall, O.C. (1980). Diffusion coefficients for helium, hydrogen and carbon

McCain, W.D. (1991). Reservoir fluid property correlations-state of the art, *SPE Reservoir* 

Moortgat, J., Sun, S., Firoozabadi, A. (2011). Compositional modeling of three-phase flow

Mutoru, J.W., Leahy-Dios, A., Firoozabadi, A. (2011). Modeling infinite dilution and Fickian diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide in water, *AIChE Journal*, 57, 6, 1617-1627. Nighswander, J.A., Kalogerakis, N., Mehrotra, K. (1989). Solubilities of carbon dioxide in

Özgür, E. (2006). *Assessment of diffusive and convective mechanisms during carbon dioxide* 

Özgür, E., Gümrah, F. (2010). Analytical and numerical modeling of CO2 sequestration in

Pau, G.S.H., Bell, J.B., Pruess, K., Almgren, A.S., Lijewski, M.J., Zhang, K. (2010). High-

Pentland, C.H., Itsekiri, E., Al-Mansoori, S.K., Iglauer, S., Bijeljic, B., Blunt, M.J. (2010).

McCain, W.D. (1990). *The properties of petroleum fluids*, Tulsa: Penn Well Corporation.

*Engineering Chemistry Research*, 41, 4393-4398.

 *of Petroleum Science and Engineering*, 9, 289-302.

Lake, L. W. (1989). *Enhanced oil recovery*, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

mixtures: is cross association necessary?, *AIChEJ*, 55, 1803.

cap of CO2, *Energy Conversion Management*, 38, 1, 229-234.

dioxide in water at 25ºC, *AIChE Journal*, 26, 1, 154-157.

80 to 200º C, *J. Chem. Eng. Data*, 34, 355-360.

deep saline aquifers. *Energy Sources*, Part A, 32, 674-687.

saline aquifers, *Advances in Water Resources*, 33, 443-455*.*

 *Phase Equilibria*, 247, 107-120.

 *Chem. Eng. Data*, 49, 4, 1026-1031.

148-159.

47, W05511.

Ankara, Turkey.

281.

 *Engineering*, 6, 266-272.

prediction of gas solubility data for CO2 + H2O mixtures containing NaCl or KCl at temperatures between 313 and 393 K and pressures up to 10 MPa, *Industrial and* 

heavy oil and its constitutive fractions: experimental data and correlations, *Journal* 

water and NaCl(aq) at conditions of interest for geological sequestration, *Fluid* 

dioxide + water and carbon dioxide + brine at 59ºC and pressures to 29 MPa, *J.* 

changes induced by injection of CO2 into carbonate rocks, *Chemical Geology*, 265,

with gravity using higher-order finite element methods, *Water Resources Research*,

water and 1 wt% NaCl solution at pressures up to 10 MPa and temperatures from

 *sequestration into deep saline aquifers*, PhD thesis, Middle East Technical University,

resolution simulation and characterisation of density-driven flow in CO2 storage in

Measurements of nonwetting-phase trapping in sandpacks, *SPE Journal,* 38, 274-


http://www.ptrc.ca/weyburn\_overview.php. [accessed: 22.3.2011].


**11** 

*Russia* 

**Electrochemistry of** 

*Russian Academy of Science,* 

*2Research Institute of Atomic Reactors,* 

Alena Novoselova1, Valeri Smolenski1,

**Tm(III) and Yb(III) in Molten Salts** 

Alexander Osipenko2 and Michael Kormilitsyn2 *1Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Division,* 

Pyrochemical processes appeared today gives an interesting option for future nuclear fuel cycles in several aspects. These latter will have to provide high recovery yields for actinides elements, (taking into account the sustainability requirement) to be safe, resistant versus proliferation risks, and cost-effective. This lead to a rather prolific research today, with many innovative concepts for future reactors, future fuels, and obviously future processes. Pyrochemical processes seems in this context to offer significant-established or presumed-advantages: (i) low radiolytical effects versus solvent processes (which increases the ability to process high burn-up, short-time cooled hot fuels); (ii) ability to dissolve new ceramic or dense fuel compounds; (iii) presumed compactness of technology (low number of transformation steps, small size of unit

Partitioning and transmutation (P&T) concept is nowadays considered as one of the strategies to reduce the long-term radiotoxicity of the nuclear wastes [Kinoshita et al., 2000]. To achieve this, the efficient recovery and multi-recycling of actinides (An)*,* especially TRU elements*,* in advanced dedicated reactors is essential. Fuels proposed to transmute the actinides into short-lived or even stable radionuclides will contain significant amounts of Pu and minor actinides (Np, Am, Cm), possibly dissolved in inert matrices (U free), and will reach high burn-ups. Pyrochemical separation techniques offer some potential advantages compared to the hydrometallurgical processes to separate actinides from fission products (FP) contained in the irradiated fuel. The high radiation stability of the salt or metallic

The aim of the separation techniques which are currently being investigated, both hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical ones, is to optimize the recovery efficiency of minor actinides minimizing at the same time the fission products (FP) content in the final product. Special attention is devoted to rare earth elements (REE) mainly due to its neutronic poison effect and the high content into the spend fuel. In addition, REE have similar chemical properties [Bermejo et al., 2006, 2007, 2008a, 2008b; Castrillejo et al., 2005a, 2005b, 2005c, 2009; De Cordoba et al., 2004, 2008; Kuznetsov et al., 2006; Novoselova &

**1. Introduction** 

operations) [Uozumi, 2004; Willit, 2005].

solvents used, resulting in shorter fuel cooling times stands out.

