**7. References**

408 Mass Transfer - Advanced Aspects

seed germination assays carried out with *Lepidium sativum* were developed for evaluating the effects of water contaminants on germination and seedling growth. The adequacy of the treated wastewater for crop irrigation was evaluated with direct toxicity bioassays, by using cress seeds as indicator No significant differences (*P*=0.05) between batch experiments were registered on germination index (GI). As the cress bioassay is a standard procedure to evaluate the behaviour of crops to water contaminants, data (previously published) evidence the suitability of treated wastewater in relation to crop irrigation, thus minimizing

**Parameter Treated wastewater DL nº236/98** 

pH 8.0 4.5-9.0 Conductivity (*µ*S cm-1) 920 - COD (mg L-1) 140 - N total (mg L-1) 2.0 - P total (mg L-1) 0.6 - Phenolic compounds (mg L-1) 0.5 - TSS (mg L-1) 30 60 Cl- (mg L-1) 60 70 SO42- (mg L-1) 50 575 SAR 27 8

Table 3. Physical and chemical characterization of the treated wastewater and standard

In this type of seasonal industry, the treatment system must be able to treat the wastewater produced in all labour period. A vertical reactor coupled with highly efficient Venturi injector and multiplier nozzles was used for winery wastewater treatment. Regarding mass transfer parameters, the estimation of OTR could be interesting for studying the influence of operational conditions on volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The results showed a decrease in the kLa value during the treatment period. This decrease in kLa value may evidence that some of the existing compounds in wastewater optimize the oxygen mass

The SOUR measurements throughout the wastewater treatment showed high values, which could indicate a high organic load to the existing suspended solids in the mixed liquor. This high SOUR rate is due to the high activity of the microbial population to oxidise substrates,

The implemented strategy, where an aerobic step alternated with an anoxic one was adopted, showed to be a good approach to minimize the sludge production and to reduce energetic. However, further studies should be conducted in order to better understand the effect of winery wastewater composition in mass transfer coefficients. The use of two consecutive

water consumption (Oliveira *et al.,* 2009).

parameter

**5. Conclusion** 

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**Part 4** 

**Advances in Materials Engineering Aspects** 

