**1. Introduction**

578 Mass Transfer - Advanced Aspects

Teja, A. S. & Eckert, C. A. (2000). Commentary on supercritical fluids: research and

Toews, K. L., Shroll, R. M., Wai, C. M. & Smart, N. G. (1995). pH-defining equilibrium

Van Eijs, A. M. M., Wokke, J. M. P. & Ten Brink, B. (1988). Supercritical extraction of

Vijayan, S., Byskal, D. P. & Buckley, L. P. (1994). Separation of oil from fried chips by a

Rizvi, (Ed.), pp. (74-92), Chapman and Hall, ISBN 0751401846, Glasgow. Wang, L. & Muttucumaru, S. (2002). Separation of biosynthetic polyunsaturated fatty acid

Watanabe, T., Furukawa, S. & Taj, S. (2004). High pressure carbon dioxide decreases the heat

Wells, S.L. & DeSimone, J. (2001). CO2 technology platform: an important tool for

Winters, M. A., Frankel, D. Z., Debenedetti, P. G., Carey, J., Devaney, M. & Przbycien, T. M.

Yalpani, M. (1993). Supercritical fluids: puissant media for the modification of polymers and

Yamaguchi, K. & Murakami, M. (1986). Application of supercritical fluid extraction to

Yeo, S., Debenedetti, P. G., Sugunakar, Y. P. & Przbycien, T. M. (1994). Secondary structure

Yeo, S., Lim, G. B., Debenedetti, P. G. & Bernstein, H. (1993). Formation of micro-particulate

Yoshida, T., Oshima, T. Y. & Matsumura, Y. (2004). Gasification of biomass model

Young, J. C. & Games, D. E. (1993). Supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid

Zagrobelny, J. & Bright, F. V. (1992). In situ studies of protein conformation in supercritical

Zheng, Y. & Tsao, G. T. (1996). Avicel hydrolysis by cellulase enzyme in supercritical CO2,

(Ed.), pp. (135-143), Elsevier , ISBN, 139780444429681, Amsterdam.

0888-5885

2700

2656

0513-398X

8756-7938

71-78. ISSN 0961-9534

637. ISSN 1344-6606

pp. 518-527. ISSN 1433-7851

*Bioengineering,* Vol.62, pp. 247-258. ISSN 0006-3592

*Science*, Vol. 83, pp. 1651-1656. ISSN 0022-3549

*Chemistry,* Vol. 41, pp. 577-81. ISSN 0021-8561

*Biotechnology Letter,* Vol.18, pp. 451-454. ISSN 0141-5492

*Bioengineering*, Vol.41, pp. 341-346. ISSN 0006-3592

biopolymers, *Polymer*, Vol. 34, pp. 1102-1105. ISSN 0032-3861

applications, *Industrial Engineering Chemical Research,* Vol.39, pp. 4442-4444. ISSN

between water and supercritical CO2; Influence on supercritical extraction of organics and metal-chelates. *Analytical Chemistry,* Vol.67, pp. 4040-3. ISSN 0003-

fermentation products. In: *Preconcentration and Drying of Food Materials, S.* Bruin,

supercritical extraction process; an overview of bench-scale test experience and process economics, In: *Supercritical Fluids Processing of Food and Biomaterials*, S.H.

with supercritical fluids, *Biotechnology Annual Review,* Vol.8, pp. 167-181. ISSN 1387-

tolerance of the bacterial spores, *Food Science Technology Research*, Vol. 70, pp. 635-

environmental problems solving, *Angewandte Chemie-International Edition,* Vol.40,

(1999). Protein purification with vapor phase carbon dioxide. *Biotechnology and* 

aquatic organisms, *Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society,* Vol.35, pp. 260-265. ISSN

characterization of micro-particulate insulin powders. *Journal of Pharmaceutical* 

protein powders using a supercritical fluid antisolvent. *Biotechnology and* 

compounds and real biomass in supercritical water, *Biomass Bioenergy,* Vol.26, pp.

chromatography of the fungal metabolite ergostrol. *Journal of Agricultural and Food* 

fluids: Trypsin in carbon dioxide, *Biotechnology Progress,* Vol.8, pp. 421-423. ISSN

During the service life of buildings, natural aging and eventual damage of materials due to different chemical, physical, and biological processes can take place. Ageing of the materials is one aspect of the environmental processes and involve different chemical, mechanical and biological reactions of the materials. Bio-deterioration, e.g. mould, decay and insect damage in buildings, is caused when moisture exceeds the tolerance of structures which may be a critical factor for durability and usage of different building materials.

Modelling of the development of mould growth and decay development is a tool for evaluate the eventual risk of ambient humidity or moisture conditions of materials for biodeterioration of materials. The modelling can be used in combination of hygro-thermal analyses of building and building components.

Moisture availability is the primary factor controlling mould growth and decay development, but the characteristics of the substrate and environmental conditions determine the dynamics of the growth. However, moist materials may also dry and become wet again thus, resulting in fluctuating moisture conditions. Mould and decay problems in buildings are most often caused by moisture damage: water leakage, convection of damp air and moisture condensation, rising damp from the ground and moisture accumulation in the structure. Repeated or prolonged moisture penetration into the structure is needed for damage to develop.
