**6. References**


( ) ( ) *org s QBr aq s QBr*

> ( ) ( ) *org s ArOQ aq s ArOQ*

⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

> *C C*

[2] C.M. Starks, C.L. Liotta, M. Halpern, Phase Transfer Catalysis, Chapman & Hall

[3] E.V. Dehmlow, S.S. Dehmlow, Phase Transfer Catalysis, third ed., VCH, New York, 1993.

[6] J.P. Jayachandran, C. Wheeler, B.C. Eason, C.L. Liotta, C.A. Eckert, J. Super. Fluids, 27

[14] W.P. Weber, G.W. Gokel, Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Springer-

[8] T. Ooi, M.Takahashi, K. Doda, K. Maruoka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 7640.

[10] M. Benaglia, M. Cinquini, F. Cozzi, G. Tocco, Tetrahedron Lett. 43 (2002) 3391. [11] M. Ueno, H. Hisamoto, T. Kitamori, S. Kobayashi, Chem.Commun. (2003) 936.

[13] N. Ohtani, T. Ohta, Y. Hosoda, T.Yamashita, Langmuir, 20 (2004) 409.

*C C*

X = Conversion of allyl bromide

*mQBr* = Distribution coefficient of QBr

*m*ArOQr = Distribution coefficient of ArOQ

[1] F.M. Menger, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1 (1972) 229.

Publications, New York, 1994.

[7] H. M. Yang, H. S. Wu, Catal. Rev. 45 (2003) 463.

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(2003) 179.

[4] G.D. Yadav, S.V. Lande, Adv. Synth. Catal. 347 (2005) 1235.

Va = volume of aqueous phase, L Vo = Volume of organic phase, L

t = Time in minutes

**6. References** 

*f* = Vo / Va

*org CArOQ* = Concentration of ArOQ in organic phase, M *aq CArOQ* = Concentration of ArOQ in aqueous phase, M *aq CQBr* = Concentration of QBr in aqueous phase, M *org CQBr* = Concentration of QBr in organic phase, M

*aq CArOK* = Concentration of ArOK in aqueous phase, M *org CArOR* = Concentration of ArOR in organic phase, M *org CRBr* = Concentration of RBr in organic phase, M Eo = Initial moles of 2,4,6-tribromophenol

*Kaq* = Reaction rate constant of the aqueous phase, M-1 min-1 *Korg* = Reaction rate constant of the organic phase, M-1 min-1 *KArOQ* = Mass-transfer coefficient of ArOQ from aqueous to KQBr = Mass-transfer coefficient of QBr from organic phase


**31** 

*Canada* 

**Transport of Ultradispersed Catalytic Particles** 

**Through Bitumen at Upgrading Temperatures** 

Mass transfer and deposition of fine particles in cylindrical channels has received considerable attention for a long time due to its practical significance and direct application in industry. For example, this knowledge is helpful in aerosol classification and its deposition under electrical fields, formation of deposits in heat exchangers and pipelines, hydrodynamic field chromatography, thrombus formation in organs and, many other areas (Adamczyk and Van De Ven, 1981). Recently, this phenomenon has gained particular importance on the dispersion of ultradispersed catalysts for heavy crude oil and bitumen hydroprocessing due to its practical significance and direct application (Pereira-Almao et al.,

Ultradispersed catalysts have been studied for heavy oil and bitumen hydroprocessing as an alternative for typical supported catalysts. An advantage when comparing ultradispersed catalysts to supported ones, in the case of heavy oil and bitumen hydroprocessing, is that the former could be easily incorporated into the reaction media to flow together with the feedstock to be treated, in this manner residence times can be longer than those conventionally used for hydroprocessing (Pereira-Almao et al., 2005; Pereira-Almao, 2007). Recent publications (Loria et al., 2009b, 2009c, 2010) have demonstrated the feasibility of the transport of ultradispersed particles based on their motion through diverse viscous media enclosed in horizontal cylindrical channels. Time-dependent, two and three-dimensional convective-dispersive models, which simulated the transient deposition and suspension of ultradispersed particles immersed in viscous media inside a horizontal cylinder, were developed, solved and experimentally validated. In addition, a study on the effect of the fluid medium properties over the dispersion coefficient was performed. The dispersion coefficient is a proportionality constant that serves to quantify the particle concentration due to convection and dispersion and should be expressed as a function of the properties of the

The solution of the previously mentioned models provides a particle concentration profile along the horizontal channel, as well as information regarding the critical particle size that allows particles to remain suspended in the fluid medium enclosed in this geometry. This knowledge can be applied in the previously referred ultradispersed catalysis of heavy crude oils and bitumen. In these systems, it is important to ensure that catalytic particles remain suspended in the fluid medium in order to make use of their catalytic activity and also, to

2007; Galarraga and Pereira-Almao, 2010; Loria et al., 2011).

**1. Introduction** 

fluid medium (Loria et al., 2010).

*Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Calgary* 

Herbert Loria and Pedro Pereira-Almao

