**4.1 Field studies**

Kammererite formations in the region including Beşören and Saltık Villages within the borders of Tokat province in northern Anatolia are in purple-violet and reddish pink color and are in the form of nodules (**Figure 2a, b, d, e**) or veins (**Figure 2c, f**) within the chromium levels within the Mesozoic basic-ultrabasic rocks reaching up to 40 cm (**Figure 3**).

## **4.2 Mineralogical-petrographical-gemological investigations**

Thin sections prepared in order to determine the mineral associations and textural relationships of the rock samples taken from the study area were examined under a polarizing microscope. Chromium minerals are observed as black color in plane-polarized light and crossed polars because they are opaque minerals (**Figure 4**).

Kammererite minerals has microcrystalline size. While the colorless, grayish, brownish, and pinkish pleochroism was observed in the plane-polarized light in the kammererite mineral (**Figure 4b, d, f, h**), the interference colors in black and white gray tones were observed in the crossed polars (**Figure 4a, c, e, g**).

It was observed in the surface investigations that kammererite minerals did not show a widespread distribution. Kammererite minerals in the study area have different shades of pink color and glassy brightness and are either transparent or semitransparent.

#### **Figure 2.**

*View of kammererites in the field (kammererite nodules—a, b, d, and e; kammererite veins—c and f).*

**Figure 3.** *Close-up view of kammererite samples taken from the study area.*

First, kammererites were processed without any treatment (**Figure 5a**). They have low durability and very fine grain mineral composition. For this reason, treatment has been made in kammererite. Gemmologically better products were obtained (**Figure 5b**).

#### **5. Results**

Kammererites in the study area are in the form of nodules or thin veins at chromium levels within the basic-ultrabasic rocks of the Mesozoic age. As a result of

**69**

**Figure 4.**

*plane-polarized light).*

*Mineralogical-Petrographical Investigation and Usability as the Gemstone…*

the surface study carried out in the study area, it is observed that the kammererites formation does not show much spread. They are found in different shades of pink in the field with abundant cracked cracks. Thin sections made from kammererite samples taken from the field are colorless, grayish brownish, and pinkish pleochroism in plane-polarized light. In crossed polars, interference colors are observed in

*Combination of chromium (Chr) and kammererite (Kae) minerals (a, c, e, g—crossed polars; b, d, f, h—*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92153*

*Mineralogical-Petrographical Investigation and Usability as the Gemstone… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92153*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Mineralogy - Significance and Applications*

**68**

obtained (**Figure 5b**).

*Close-up view of kammererite samples taken from the study area.*

**5. Results**

**Figure 3.**

**Figure 2.**

First, kammererites were processed without any treatment (**Figure 5a**). They have low durability and very fine grain mineral composition. For this reason, treatment has been made in kammererite. Gemmologically better products were

*View of kammererites in the field (kammererite nodules—a, b, d, and e; kammererite veins—c and f).*

Kammererites in the study area are in the form of nodules or thin veins at chromium levels within the basic-ultrabasic rocks of the Mesozoic age. As a result of *Combination of chromium (Chr) and kammererite (Kae) minerals (a, c, e, g—crossed polars; b, d, f, h plane-polarized light).*

the surface study carried out in the study area, it is observed that the kammererites formation does not show much spread. They are found in different shades of pink in the field with abundant cracked cracks. Thin sections made from kammererite samples taken from the field are colorless, grayish brownish, and pinkish pleochroism in plane-polarized light. In crossed polars, interference colors are observed in

#### **Figure 5.**

*Gemstones made from kammererite samples taken from the study area (a—processed samples without treatment; b—processed samples after treated with epoxy).*

black and white gray tones. The opaque minerals that are impermeable to light are the chromium minerals.

Bir mineralin süstaşı olarak kullanılabilmesi için temel özelliklerden olan, nadir bulunma, dayanıklılık, güzellik (renk, saydamlık vb.), işlenebilirlik özelliklerini barındırması beklenmektedir. Inceleme alanındaki Kemereritler nadir bulunma, güzellik ve işlenebilirlik özelliklerine sahiptir. Düşük dayanıklılığı ise iyileştirme yöntemleri ile arttırılabilir. Rarity, durability, beauty (color, transparency, etc.), and processability which are the basic properties of gemstones are expected from a mineral for being used as gemstones. Kammererites in the study area have rarity, beauty, and processability properties. Its low durability can be increased by treatment methods.

As a result of the lapidary studies made from the samples taken from the study area, it was observed that kammererite minerals can be processed together with the side rock and used in jewelry and ornamental production. However, the low hardness of kammererites, while facilitating workability, adversely affects their durability. For this reason, after the treatment (with epoxidation method), both increased durability and visually appealed.

Considering the rarity of studies related to the rarity of kammererite in the world, this study is also important in terms of providing resources for those working and researching in this field.

#### **Acknowledgements**

This study was carried out within the scope of the project of MMF.A4.18.014 supported by Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. We would like to extend our thanks to the Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit, which provided financial support to carry out this work.

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**Author details**

İlkay Kaydu Akbudak1

, Zeynel Başibüyük1

\*Address all correspondence to: gokhanekincioglu@gmail.com

Kirşehir Ahi Evran University, Kirşehir, Turkey

Kirşehir Ahi Evran University, Kirşehir, Turkey

provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Geological Engineering,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Department of Mining and Mineral Extraction, Kaman Vocational School,

and Gökhan Ekincioğlu<sup>2</sup>

\*

*Mineralogical-Petrographical Investigation and Usability as the Gemstone…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92153*

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**Conflict of interest**

*Mineralogical-Petrographical Investigation and Usability as the Gemstone… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92153*
