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## Meet the editors

Professor Vladislav Demyanov graduated from Irkutsk Military Aviation Engineering Institute as an electronic engineer in 1993, received his PhD in radio-wave physics from Irkutsk State University in 2000 and his doctorate of science degree in Engineering from Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) in 2011. He has been working for the Institute of Solar and Terrestrial Physics and for Irkutsk State Transport University as

a senior researcher and as a Professor. As an expert in his field, he is a member of the Radio-engineering Science Council of Siberian Federal University and a Head of State Examination Commission of Moscow State Aviation University. His research interests are: ionosphere scintillation research, science education, navigation solutions for transport, and space weather impacts on GNSS.

Dr. Jonathan Becedas is an Electrical Engineer and Industrial Engineer who graduated with honors. He holds a Master in Research and a PhD in Mechatronics from the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Spain. He is the author of nearly 100 fully refereed scientific papers and has participated in over 20 competitive research projects, many of them for NASA, ESA, and the European Commission. He held a position of Researcher and

Associate Professor at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) from 2002 until 2009 and was a Research Associate at the University of Leicester (United Kingdom) from 2009 until 2011. He was Head of the Robotics Department in Ixion Industry and Aerospace from 2011 until 2013. In that year he joined Elecnor Deimos Satellite Systems as Research Manager. He is currently R&D Manager and Head of the Projects Department in Elecnor Deimos Satellite Systems, where he coordinates R&D projects and satellite missions.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

Scintillation Indices

**Preface XI**

GNSS-Remote Sensing for Ionosphere Research **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 23**

**Chapter 3 41**

Impacts on GNSS: Modeling and Mitigation Techniques **59**

**Chapter 4 61**

**Chapter 5 73**

**Chapter 6 91**

GNSS High-Rate Data and the Efficiency of Ionospheric

Conditions of Navigation Satellite Systems

*by Giorgio Savastano and Michela Ravanelli*

*and Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao*

in Near-Earth Space

*by Shishir Priyadarshi*

*by Boris Gavrilov, Yuriy Poklad and Iliya Ryakhovskiy*

GPS Signal Multipath Error Mitigation Technique

*by Bharati Bidikar, Babji Prasad Chapa, Mogadala Vinod Kumar* 

*by Victor U.J. Nwankwo, Nnamdi N. Jibiri and Michael T. Kio*

Ionospheric Scintillation Modeling Needs and Tricks

The Impact of Space Radiation Environment on Satellites Operation

*by Vladislav V. Demyanov, Maria A. Sergeeva and Anna S. Yasyukevich*

The Influence of the Lower Ionospheric Disturbances on the Operating

Real-Time Monitoring of Ionospheric Irregularities and TEC Perturbations

## Contents


### **Section 3** Satellites Missions and Technologies **105 Chapter 7 107** Earth Observation Technologies: Low-End-Market Disruptive Innovation *by Silvia Rodriguez-Donaire, Miquel Sureda, Daniel Garcia-Almiñana, Eloi Sierra, Jose S. Perez, Peter C.E. Roberts, Jonathan Becedas, Georg H. Herdrich, Dhiren Kataria, Ronald Outlaw, Leonardo Ghizoni, Rachel Villain, Alexis Conte, Badia Belkouchi, Kate Smith, Steve Edmondson, Sarah Haigh, Nicholas H. Crisp, Vitor T.A. Oiko, Rachel E. Lyons, Stephen D. Worral, Sabrina Livadiotti, Claire Huyton, Luciana A. Sinpetru, Rosa M. Domínguez, David González, Francesco Romano, Yung-An Chan, Adam Boxberger, Stefanos Fasoulas, Constantin Traub, Victor Jungnell, Kristian Bay, Jonas Morsbøl, Ameli Schwalber and Barbara Heißerer* **Chapter 8 123** A Survey on Small Satellite Technologies and Space Missions for Geodetic Applications *by Vaios Lappas and Vassilis Kostopoulos*

Preface

Being a vital modern technology, satellite systems for navigation, telecommunication, and geosciences have developed rapidly in the last 25 years. In fact, we are on the verge of a massive explosion of new markets for GNSS and associated position determination applications. Plans for GNSS modernization are well advanced and will enable unprecedented positioning accuracy, signals availability, and greater system integrity over the globe. Currently, GNSS technologies have been accepted worldwide as an effective, accurate, and free tool for the geosciences. Numerous research projects have been realized in such vital areas and forms as GNSS-remote sensing (ionosphere and upper atmosphere), GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) and Satellite Altimetry (SA) (the soil moisture distribution, geodynamics and oceanic surface characteristics), and GNSS-Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) for the atmo-

Considering modern satellite technologies, we face the situation of "head and tail of the one medal". On the one hand the Earth ionosphere, multipath phenomena, and space weather impacts (such as solar radio flares and solar irradiation fluxes) have been the main challenge for all modern satellite-based technologies including GNSS and Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations. It is well known that rapid fluctuations of a signal phase and amplitude fading (ionosphere scintillations), a signal envelope distortion due to multipath as well as powerful solar irradiation impacts, degrade the satellite systems performance. To achieve the highest quality of a satellite system we need to focus on the system robustness regarding the above-mentioned impacts. Modeling and theoretical analysis of scintillations appearance, multipath sources, and solar irradiation impact are the base of every solution to improve the performance of the satellite system for both practice and geosciences. On the other hand the satellite system reaction as a result of the scintillation, multipath, or solar irradiation impacts, may be considered to be very informative and promising way to

obtain valuable information for research in geosciences.

And finally, we should bear in mind that all the GNSS-R, GNSS-RO, and SA research technologies are realized based on not only GNSS constellations but also on the variety of LEO satellites. The main value of these technologies is the great opportunities to obtain the characteristics of the Earth atmosphere, ionosphere, and Earth surface over the oceans and long-distant unpopulated territories with high accuracy and resolution. Modern advances in microelectronics, materials, combined with affordable and frequent launch opportunities, have led to a revolution which consists of small LEO satellite missions used for Earth observation and Space exploration. Small satellites are now being developed in large volumes for mega-constellations for Earth observation and low latency communications, thus democratizing space and making new space applications for both practice and

In summary, we can say that modern satellite technologies have become a base of our civilization and support our day-to-day activity in both practice and geosciences. This book is devoted to GNSS-remote sensing for ionosphere research, modeling and mitigation techniques to diminish the ionosphere and multipath

spheric sciences.

geoscience a reality.

#### **Chapter 9 145**

Nanosatellites and Applications to Commercial and Scientific Missions *by Adriano Camps*
