**5.15 SDG 15: life on land**

Accurate transaction records enable the use of tools for forecasting. For instance, Augur [54] is a decentralized platform built with Ethereum smart contracts that

Another relevant commercial solution is Storj.io [55], which is a blockchain-enabled

In 2018, IBM was awarded a patent for its Autonomous Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Telemetry (ADEPT) environment [58]. In 2016, IBM developed jointly with Samsung a PoC using different elements of Bitcoin to create a distributed network of IoT devices. For instance, to secure transactions, it uses a mix of proof of work (PoW) and proof of stake (PoS) as consensus protocols, BitTorrent for file sharing,

It is also worth mentioning that other authors focused on smart grids and supply

The authors of [61] propose a systematic literature review on specific blockchain

Blockchain will likely play an important role on the urgent actions for improving the accountability and transparency of policies to limit global fossil fuel consumption and foster decarbonization. Hyperledger, as part of the Linux Foundation, has recently announced a new Special Interest Group (SIG) that will explore how blockchain can help to address the climate goals set out in the Paris Agreement [62].

The company Possible Future oriented one of its projects to the sustainable use of the oceans, preserving their life and restoring damaged coral reefs [63]. They created a game, named CryptoCorals, in which for each purchase of a virtual

use cases proposed by the research community. They remark the great concern

Production patterns can be monitored by using supply chain traceability

chain management systems as substantial areas of sustainable innovation [59].

Theoretically, blockchain capabilities make the technology a catalyst for enabling a sharing economy with a democratic ownership structure (e.g., fractionally own goods by every community member) while avoiding unnecessary intermediaries. Nevertheless, authors like Novak [60] evaluate the implications of blockchain for income inequality and consider that, although it has potential to have

a positive impact, it may also exacerbate current wealth concentration.

**5.11 SDG 11: sustainable cities and communities**

**5.12 SDG 12: responsible consumption and production**

about the infancy stage of blockchain.

**5.13 SDG 13: climate action**

**5.14 SDG 14: life below water**

techniques.

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cloud storage network where users can rent the storage space that do not use and get paid in Storj tokens or store their information on a globally distributed network. Some startups focus on removing intermediaries from trading like OpenBazaar [56], while other companies focus on providing visibility and transparency to philanthropy [57]. Such a global foundation leverages Bitcoin and blockchain to perform and track transactions while providing an immutable record of charitable

allows users to create their own prediction markets (i.e., oracle).

Telehash for messaging, and Ethereum to support smart contracts.

financial transactions.

*Computer Security Threats*

**5.10 SDG 10: reduced inequality**

Blockchain can be used to register trustworthy data about the different terrestrial ecosystems.
